INTRODUCTION:

Although India has long been regarded as a "dry" culture, alcohol use of some kind has always been present there. Many middle-class Indians hold the view that alcohol is impure and polluting, which was primarily influenced by Western temperance campaigners in the 19th century. The idea that alcohol consumption was foreign to Indian culture was shaped by a picture that gained more traction during the Nationalist movement. This influenced the founding fathers of the modern Indian Republic to include prohibition as one of the founding principles.

The Indian government has periodically pushed state governments to adopt a unified prohibition policy since the early 1950s. The budgetary deficit and the additional expense of enforcing prohibition made attempts to prohibit various states frequently made and predictably lifted. As a result, the policymakers' primary consideration has always been the economics of alcoholic beverages as a sizable source of indirect tax revenue. The costs associated with alcohol use on society and its economic effects have received little attention.

State policies on alcohol have varied greatly, especially those that deal with production, consumption, and taxation. However, data on alcohol use have not been systematically collected, and little research has been done on the various facets of alcoholism, particularly from a public health standpoint. Therefore, it is not possible, to begin with, a trustworthy composite estimate of the costs associated with alcoholism across the entire nation. It would be prudent to compile statistics for the entire country using data from individual states.

According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5), 2019–21, alcohol consumption is higher among men and women in rural India than in urban India. In general, 1% of women who are 15 or older and 19% of men in the same age range drink alcohol. For women, this breaks down into 1.6% (rural) and 0.6% (urban), while for men, it's 19.9% and 16.5%, respectively. Alcohol use is more prevalent among Scheduled Tribes members than among members of any other caste or tribe, and this is true for both men (33%) and women (6%). Men who identify as "other religions" (47%) are more likely to drink alcohol than men who identify as Hindu (20%), Muslim (5%), Christian (28%), Sikh (23.5%), Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist (24.5%), or Jain (5.9%), among other religious groups.

Alcoholism in Bastar:

According to a Chinese proverb, "First the man drinks, then the drink drinks, and finally the drink takes the man." According to the proverb, once a man starts drinking, nothing can stop him. So, the best course of action is to never start drinking. A favorable environment for the growth of alcoholism in Bastar was created by modernization and its effects on people's social and economic lives. The joint family system declined as a result of modernization, and the system's responsibility and concern disappeared. The traditional norms and moral principles that guided and supported people in earlier generations are gradually eroding. The family structure has changed over the last few decades, moving away from traditional joint family systems and towards more nuclear families. Social drinking is a thing of the past now.

In India, where an estimated 14% of the population regularly consumes alcohol, alcoholism is a serious issue. Alcoholism is a significant social problem that has an impact on people, families, and communities in many regions of the nation, including Bastar. Bastar's high rate of alcoholism may be attributed to several things, such as deprivation, illiteracy, cultural norms, and restricted access to medical care.

In Bastar, where poverty is a serious problem, many people use alcohol to cope with their challenging living circumstances. People may not be aware of the risks associated with alcohol abuse and addiction because of the lack of education in the area, which adds to the issue. The high rates of alcoholism may also be influenced by cultural norms and social beliefs, as drinking may be considered a social or celebratory activity. Another issue that may fuel alcoholism in Bastar is a lack of access to medical care. Alcohol addiction may be difficult to address and treat because many people in the area may not have access to affordable or adequate healthcare services, including substance abuse treatment.

The men, including the youth, were forced to focus on alcoholism due to the lack of other options for enjoyment. The most abundant natural resources and tribal tourism are found in the Indian district of Bastar. Traditional taboos, however, are still prevalent in society and prevent people from enjoying various pleasures, including sexual pleasure. However, as alcohol became more affordable and society began to view alcoholism as a straightforward personal problem, men began to open bottles by the thousands. The issue was made worse by the media and advertisements. Today, every festival is observed. They don't need a reason to celebrate to drink. Whatever the brand, alcohol—be it brandy, whisky, rum, or beer—is a staple of social gatherings. Even though festivals may be unique, drinks are always the same. In developed countries, most alcoholic drinkers belong to the beer-drinking group. But in developing countries like ours, most belong to arrack consumers and toddy drinkers.

In Bastar, alcoholism is causing a social crisis; if it is not controlled, the district’s future will be disastrous. Alcohol is one of the main contributors to the negative social conditions that plague our civilization. When compared to other regions of our state, Bastar has the highest per capita alcohol consumption. There is ample evidence that those in our society who are socially and economically disadvantaged and are struggling to meet their basic needs are more negatively impacted by the alcohol problem. The amount required for food, clothing, shelter, healthcare, and education is significantly reduced. Many abandoned people are the result of alcoholism. Since they have little ability to shield themselves from the direct or indirect effects of parental drinking, children are the most severely impacted. Some 20–50% of people who commit suicide or attempted suicide were intoxicated at the time or known to be heavy drinkers. It’s said that Keralites spend more money on liquor than on rice.

While successive governments have failed to end poverty, develop infrastructure, or guarantee that everyone has access to clean water, they have been very generous in providing alcohol to everyone. In Bastar, treating diseases brought on by alcohol accounts for about 20% of hospital admissions. Drunk driving is to blame for more than 40% of traffic accidents in the District. In the District, alcohol use is either directly or indirectly linked to at least 50% of suicides. The wives of alcoholics make up about 30% of the women who attempt suicide in the District. Domestic violence brought on by alcoholism occurs in about 61 percent of Bastar homes. In Bastar, alcohol abuse is a factor in about 80% of divorce cases. In the District, alcoholism is indirectly linked to about 70% of crimes.

Alcoholism and Family:

Alcoholism can have a profound impact on families, both emotionally and financially. Here are some of the ways that alcoholism can affect families:

· Emotional Distress: Alcoholism can cause a great deal of emotional distress within families. The family members of an alcoholic often experience fear, anxiety, and uncertainty, wondering if their loved one will come home safely or if they will harm themselves or others while under the influence of alcohol. Family members may also experience feelings of anger, resentment, and shame, leading to strained relationships.

· Financial Strain: Alcoholism can also place a significant financial burden on families. Alcohol is an expensive substance, and those struggling with addiction may spend a significant amount of money on alcohol, leaving little left over for necessities such as food, housing, and medical care. The financial strain can cause tension within the family and may lead to conflicts over money.

· Neglect: Alcoholism can cause the alcoholic to neglect their responsibilities within the family. They may miss important events, fail to provide emotional support or guidance, and may neglect their role as a parent or spouses. This can create feelings of abandonment and hurt within the family, causing long-lasting emotional damage.

· Domestic Violence: Alcoholism can also lead to domestic violence within families. Alcohol is a known factor in domestic violence, and the risk of violence increases when one or both partners are under the influence of alcohol. The violence can cause physical, emotional, and psychological trauma for all members of the family.

· Health Issues: Alcoholism can cause health problems for the alcoholic, which can also impact the family. Health issues such as liver disease, heart disease, and cancer can be a significant strain on the family, both emotionally and financially. Additionally, children of alcoholic parents may be at a higher risk of developing mental health problems or substance abuse issues themselves.

Living with an alcoholic is a family affair. Because it subjects all household members to constant stress and fears of various kinds, it has often been referred to as a “family illness.” To one degree or another, all family members are affected. However, not all alcoholic families or members of the same family are affected similarly. To assume that all family members are equally and identically affected is to believe that the family possesses a “collective mind.” The “collective mind” thinks that the entire family shares the same feelings about the alcoholic and alcoholism. Closely related to the degree of alcoholism is the type of alcoholic that lives with the family. One type of alcoholic is the belligerent type, who is verbally abusive and is consistently looking for an argument. The recipient of these attacks is exposed to high degrees of verbal and emotional abuse. Another type of alcoholic may be jovial after drinking. This person likes to laugh a lot and is preoccupied with entertainment. Being around this alcoholic, although not physically or verbally harmful, may be emotionally stressful due to inappropriate joking or the inability to express themselves seriously. In an alcoholic family, the wife may feel depressed because she thinks they are in a crisis.

The reactive phase is characterized by the behavior of non-alcoholic family members reacting to the alcoholic’s behavior. During this time, most family members become extremely cautious in their behavior to avoid further complicating the existing problem of alcoholism. However, by being reactive, they constantly adapt their behavior to minimize or survive an unhealthy situation. Much of that adaptation will not only have detrimental effects on those who are adjusting but also indirectly allow and supports the continuing alcoholism. Drinking can impair performance as a parent, spouse, or partner and contributor to household functioning. Other aspects of drinking may impair functioning as a family member. In many societies, drinking may be carried out primarily outside the family and the home. In this circumstance, time spent while drinking often competes with the time needed to carry on family life. Drinking also costs money and can impact resources, particularly for low-income families, leaving other family members destitute. Also, it is worth noting that specific intoxicated events can have lasting consequences through home accidents and family violence.

The effects of men’s drinking on other family members are often particularly on women in their roles as mothers or wives of drinkers. The risks include violence, HIV infection, and an increased burden on the part of economic providers. Besides the money spent on alcohol, a heavy drinker also suffers other adverse economic effects. These include lowered wages (because of missed work and decreased efficiency on the job), lost employment opportunities, increased medical expenses for illness and accidents, the legal cost of drink-related offenses, and reduced eligibility for loans. Individuals who, through abuse of alcohol, have become addicted are more than likely to undergo a personality change.

This change of personality will affect anyone close to them. Alcoholism is known as a family disease. Alcoholics may have young, teenage, or grown-up children; they have wives or husbands, brothers or sisters, parents, or other relatives. An alcoholic can disrupt family life and cause harmful effects that can last a lifetime. Each member of the family may be affected by alcohol differently. Parental alcoholism may affect the fetus even before a child is born. Parental alcoholism also has severe effects on normal children of alcoholics.

Denial of the Human Rights of Women

There are several categories into which alcohol consumers can be placed, including social drinkers, problem drinkers, compulsive drinkers, situational drinkers, and occasional social drinkers. 6 Similar to other regions of India, the women from underprivileged classes in Bastar suffered from alcohol addiction. They had a lot of problems or compulsive drinkers among their male population. The wives of alcoholics are also impacted by their husbands' drinking, even though alcoholics may feel isolated in their struggles. A marriage is strained by alcoholism. The wives may be concerned about their husbands' physical and emotional well-being because alcohol abuse can have harmful physical and emotional effects. If their husbands don't think there is a problem with drinking, this worry could get worse. Alcoholism can strain a marriage's finances. Families with heavy drinking habits spend 15–30% of their income on alcohol.

We conducted a survey and study in a few areas, and the results showed that wives had various shared experiences. There have been instances where women have complained that their husband regularly arrives home late and falls asleep in front of the television. Another wife reported that she frequently gets a call from the police letting her know that her husband has been arrested for crimes he committed after drinking. Others, however, complained that their husbands started fighting. Most of them had trouble sleeping as a result of problematic drinkers. Their partner, who also happens to be a problem drinker, occupies the majority of their thoughts. The majority of the time, they experienced fear, anxiety, and frustration. A lot of them withdrew from social interactions and friendships as a result of their husbands' drinking issues out of embarrassment and shame. The spouse frequently tries to conceal and deny the alcoholic's current problem; assumes the other person's responsibilities, carrying the burden of two, and supports the spouse's dependency; takes a job to escape the issue and maintain financial security; and, the long run, avoids sexual relations. Family separation may be the only workable option for some families. For some people, divorce will only make things worse; for others, it will merely replace one set of issues with another.

In short, some people's lives will improve; others' lives will stay about the same; and still others' lives will get worse. The addicts, on the other hand, deny that they have an alcohol problem, place blame on others, forget, protest against humiliation, abuse, and criticism from other family members, spend money on alcohol instead of other necessities, exhibit unpredictable and impulsive behavior, lose the confidence of their loved ones, relatives, and friends, exhibit deteriorating physical health, and experience a diminishing sexual drive. The effects of alcoholism are as damaging to wives as they are to the alcoholics themselves. Some of the issues they face include the following:

1. Financial worries: An alcoholic spends a large portion of his income on alcohol. By drinking, they endanger their ability to keep their jobs. They might arrive at work late, take lengthy breaks, smell alcohol, neglect their responsibilities, etc. Alcoholics' spouses and partners constantly worry that they won't have enough money to take care of their families' most basic needs.

2. Emotional stress: Living with an alcoholic is a roller coaster of emotions. This is extremely stressful for the spouse or partner of a drink-dependent man. The amount of alcohol in the alcoholic's blood can cause significant mood swings, which are typically dependent on that amount. The burden of this falls primarily on the family, especially the wife. One of the most important effects of alcoholism on family life is emotional stress.

3. Depression: More alcoholics' wives and partners suffer from depression. This should come as no surprise. When someone is involved with an alcoholic, it is understandable for them to experience self-blame, anger, stress, shame, and hopelessness. Clinical depression can result from these feelings.

4. Co-dependency: In a relationship with an alcoholic, codependency is very typical. In essence, this means that the spouse or partner of an alcoholic turns into a small source of support for the alcohol addict. While ignoring their own emotional and physical needs, they devote their entire being to the alcoholic. It is common for wives to unintentionally support an alcoholic husband.

5. Abuse: Different types of abuse exist. Everyone is familiar with the picture of the battered wife. However, this is merely one form of abuse. Alcohol abuse can take many different forms and affect alcoholics' wives. Wives of alcoholics frequently experience verbal, emotional, and financial abuse.

Alcoholism is a blatant example of a Love Buster because it destroys marriages and causes so much pain. Addiction not only harms alcoholics physically and emotionally but also those whose lives it touches. People who are addicted become insensitive to the emotions of those who love them the most, and they will do anything to maintain their addiction. Alcoholics frequently indulge in their most painful behaviors while intoxicated. Infidelity is a frequent occurrence. The fact that he was intoxicated at the time is of no comfort to a grieving spouse. Recent research has found that women's experiences of physical and psychological abuse by men in their relationships are predictive of unfavorable outcomes, such as health issues, mental health issues, and substance abuse. Annually, a sizable percentage of women experience partner violence. Significant mental health issues for other family members, such as anxiety, fear, and depression, can result from drinking and how it affects family life.

Alcohol use is associated with some negative effects on the drinker, their immediate environment, and society as a whole. In recent years, there has been a rise in interest in a broader concept of alcohol-related consequences, as evidenced by the increased public or research focus on social consequences like traffic accidents, workplace-related issues, family and domestic problems, and interpersonal violence. Problem drinking may have the effect of making a drinker's behavior unpredictable. This makes it extremely difficult for the family—and the spouse in particular—to plan or maintain regular schedules. It will be uncertain whether or in which District he will be available to pick up the child from school when he gets home. Such ongoing uncertainty has the potential to be very disruptive. Many cases of domestic abuse against Bastar women involved drinking by the husband. According to district crime statistics, the number of complaints of wife beating increased by almost 50% between 2000 and 2020. Alcohol is required at weddings, funerals, and other social events, and social drinking is accepted. However, the number of heavy drinkers, including young women and teenagers, is growing in Bastar.

Alcohol tends to make people less reserved. So, he might take action before he thinks. Similarly to this, a man who chooses to express his anger in sexually controlling ways after drinking may rape or sexually assault a woman before changing his ways. Violence and alcohol abuse frequently co-occur, but neither one causes the other. The use of drugs or alcohol can change the likelihood of violence occurring as well as how often and how severe it is. For instance, a man with a short fuse or a low threshold for frustration may be more inclined to express his rage after drinking physically or verbally. Not only is domestic violence on the rise, but it also takes on softer forms every day. Earlier victims of domestic violence refrained from filing complaints out of concern that doing so might foster a hostile environment in the home. Women used to frequently endure the violence directed at them in silence out of concern for the consequences. Women who have experienced physical abuse endure constant intimidation, threats, and fear. She has a chance of developing personality disorders and psychosomatic issues. Indian women view maintaining the family as their entire responsibility; as a result, they make all changes on their own in their husband's homes.

Despite the severe physical and psychological abuse they endure, many women choose not to file for divorce because they believe the trauma they and their children have experienced is too high a price to pay. She essentially accepts domestic violence as a fact of family life as a result. 9 This fact is highlighted by the results of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) that was published at the end of the year 2000. Despite the lack of a clear connection, the survey shows how little autonomy women have while also showing that more than half of them either justify or tolerate domestic violence. Although most women were not aware of them, there were already international covenants, human rights, and constitutional and legal provisions to protect women. Even if they were aware, they lacked the resources to rely on these provisions due to a lack of funds, expertise, time, confidence, contacts, and insurance. Women now feel more comfortable filing complaints against the abuse they receive from family members thanks to legal literacy campaigns, social activism, social work organizations, government initiatives towards gender sensitization programs for all levels of administration, and the law enforcement apparatus—such as the strengthening of existing legislation regarding violence against women.

Men drink more than women do, and the problems associated with male drinking are typically more severe. Due to unhealthy living conditions, decreased access to health care and education, and growing neglect, excessive drinking can worsen household poverty and the intergenerational transfer of human and social capital. Women who were sexually abused as children are about three times more likely to report drug or alcohol dependence than women who were not abused. Numerous studies have shown that the perpetrator's heavy drinking was likely to cause their partners more serious injuries than if they had been sober. The voice of Radha, Somu's wife, who recently made media appearances, expressed the hardship and persecution the women endured. I'm willing to work for him and my kids until my back gives out, she declared. But in exchange, I receive suffering, grief, and the knowledge that my children live in constant fear and anxiety. He may or may not eat dinner, arrive home late, and then start beating me up without cause. He no longer exhibits the remorse that he once displayed in the morning. Someone needs to act to protect women like me.

With her cheeks sinking, Radha said while crying. Unquestionably, violence against women is a reliable indicator of the criminalization of society. The prevalence of violence against women is increasing noticeably. Blue films and what are now referred to as sex rackets are well-known for being produced in Bastar. According to statistics from recent years, violence against women has more than doubled in the last four years. Economic hardship and organized sexual violence against women on a larger scale disproportionately affect women. Again, women from Adivasi communities, low castes, and social classes suffer the most in this situation. In all of this, alcohol serves as a significant catalyst. The anti-arrack movement in Andhra Pradesh during the early 1990s was a women’s movement, and the reasons are not far to seek. The participation of women in certain pockets of Bastarm in the anti-liquor movement is also quite visible. But it is to be noted that none of these movements is an unqualified success and often, even the partial victories won tend to get reversed, like in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.

Reason of increase alcoholism in Bastar:

There are several reasons for the increase in alcoholism in Bastar, a district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Some of the significant reasons are:

· Economic Factors: The lack of economic opportunities in Bastar is one of the significant factors contributing to alcoholism. The majority of people in Bastar are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood, which can be challenging due to the arid and hilly terrain of the region. The lack of employment opportunities in the region can lead to poverty and unemployment, which can drive people towards alcohol as a means of coping with the stress and frustration of their economic situation.

· Availability and Affordability of Alcohol: Another significant factor contributing to alcoholism in Bastar is the availability and affordability of alcohol. Many people in the region can easily access alcohol due to the presence of illegal liquor shops and the sale of cheap and low-quality liquor. Alcohol is also culturally accepted in the region and is often used in traditional festivals and celebrations.

· Social Pressures: Social pressures can also contribute to the increase in alcoholism in Bastar. In many tribal communities in Bastar, alcohol consumption is seen as a social norm and is often associated with masculinity and strength. Men who do not drink alcohol may face social stigma and ridicule, leading to pressure to drink.

· Lack of Awareness: The lack of awareness about the negative effects of alcohol abuse is another contributing factor to alcoholism in Bastar. Many people in the region may not be aware of the long-term health effects of alcohol consumption, such as liver damage, heart disease, and cancer. They may also not be aware of the risks associated with binge drinkings, such as accidents, injuries, and violence.

· Historical and Cultural Factors: Historical and cultural factors can also contribute to the increase in alcoholism in Bastar. The region has a history of tribal culture, and alcohol has been used for medicinal and spiritual purposes in some communities. Alcohol consumption is also deeply rooted in the culture of some communities, making it difficult to change cultural norms and practices.

The increase in alcoholism in Bastar is a complex issue that requires a comprehensive approach to address. Efforts are needed to create more economic opportunities in the region, increase awareness about the negative effects of alcohol abuse, and reduce the availability and affordability of alcohol. It is also essential to address the cultural and social factors that contribute to alcoholism in the region

Measures to stop human rights violations against women:

Governments can strengthen laws and policies that protect women's rights, such as laws against gender-based violence, sexual harassment, and discrimination. These laws should be enforced effectively to ensure that perpetrators are held accountable. Education and awareness-raising campaigns can help change social attitudes toward women and promote gender equality. This can include education in schools, media campaigns, and community outreach programs. Women who experience human rights violations need access to support services, such as counseling, legal aid, and healthcare. Governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can provide these services to help women recover and rebuild their lives. Women need to be empowered to participate fully in society and make decisions that affect their lives. This can include providing education and training opportunities, promoting women's political participation, and encouraging women's economic empowerment. Men and boys have a critical role to play in ending human rights violations against women. Engaging men and boys in campaigns to promote gender equality and challenging harmful gender stereotypes can help create a more supportive environment for women. International organizations and governments can work together to promote women's rights and hold governments accountable for human rights violations. This can include supporting human rights defenders, providing funding for women's rights organizations, and advocating for policy change.

CONCLUSION:

Alcoholism is a major problem in many tribal areas in India. The reasons for the prevalence of alcoholism in tribal areas are complex and can be influenced by various social, economic, and cultural factors. One significant factor is the lack of economic opportunities in many tribal areas, which can lead to poverty and unemployment. Alcohol may be seen as a means of coping with the stresses of poverty and unemployment, and as a way of escaping from the realities of daily life. Additionally, the availability and affordability of alcohol in tribal areas can be a contributing factor to alcoholism.

Cultural beliefs and practices can also play a role in the high rates of alcoholism in tribal areas. In some tribal communities, alcohol consumption may be an integral part of cultural traditions and celebrations. Additionally, tribal communities may have a history of using alcohol for medicinal or spiritual purposes, which can lead to the normalization of alcohol use. The lack of education and awareness about the dangers of alcohol abuse can also be a factor in the high rates of alcoholism in tribal areas. Many people in tribal areas may not understand the risks associated with excessive alcohol consumption, and may not have access to information about alcoholism and its effects. Alcoholism in tribal areas can have a significant impact on individuals, families, and communities. It can lead to a range of physical and mental health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, depression, and anxiety. Additionally, alcoholism can lead to social problems, such as domestic violence, crime, and poverty. To address alcoholism in tribal areas, a multi-faceted approach is needed that includes education and awareness campaigns, access to healthcare services, economic development programs, and support for those struggling with addiction. It is important to work collaboratively with tribal communities and to take into account their cultural beliefs and practices when developing strategies to address alcoholism in these areas.

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Received on 05.09.2024 Revised on 24.09.2024

Accepted on 09.10.2024 Published on 05.12.2024

Available online on December 31, 2024

Res. J. of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2024;15(4):340-348.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5828.2024.00054