1. INTRODUCTION:

Past decades government system has overcome in organizing and controlling traditional activity like law and order, justice, social welfare, human resource development and defense provide variety of service from grassroots level to top end and government is the playing big role in dispensing services to its citizens with the aim of making welfare state therefore giving services through information communication and technology is the way to giving a qualitative services to its citizens.

Today generation is Information, communication, and technological world. The citizens of developing countries like India expect low cost or free, accessible transparent services from the government. In India social media playing major role in decentralization of democracy through ICT.

According to koppler first generation is agricultural, second generation is industrial, third generation is technological world what koppler says is true because today we maximized the utilization of ICT because we use anywhere and anytime and user friendly.

Today’s world towards change and revolution. The development of e-government has one of the developments of the Global changes towards deployment of Information and Technology by governments developed in the nineties, with the invention of the World Wide Web (WWW). The technology provides e-governance initiatives come into effect. Recognizing the importance of electronics is increasing, the Government of India establish Department of Electronics in 1970 and in 1977 establishment of the National Informatics centre (NIC) was the first big step towards e-Governance in India ‘information’ and communication is the focus. The launch of NICNET in 1987 milestone toward providing e-Governance – the satellite-based computer network, after the District Information System National Informatics centre (DISNIC) program to computerization of all district offices in the Country provides free hardware and software was offered to the State Governments. NICNET was extended through the State capitals to all district headquarters by 1990.

2. E-GOVERNANCE:

E-governance or electronic governance is a government services and information to the public through electronic devices. Such as information technology or 'IT' in short forms. Use of Information Technology in government level will be for efficient, transparent and speedy process to the public, business and others, to performing government administration activities.

Using of internet by the government give services at door step to citizens, government and other business. In E-Governance, government is possible use of Information Technology to provide information to common peoples. Today, electricity, insurance water, phone, buying and selling of services and all kinds of bills can be paid through the internet. E-governance is playing a major role in decentralizing the government schemes and programs towards decentralizing the government by E-Governance.

2.1 There are four pillars in E-Governance:

1. CONNECTIVITY:

Connectivity is essential to connect the peoples to get the services of the government. There should be a good and quality connectivity for the effective e-governance.

2. KNOWLEDGE:

Knowledge refers to Information Technology knowledge. Government recruits skilful engineers to handle the e-governance in an efficient way. These engineers clear the hurdles hardware and software problems which come in e-governance.

3. DATA:

e-governance services based on kind of knowledge or information of internet its database. The database has data content is related to government services.

4. CAPITAL:

Capital may be public or private partnership. It related to money used by government to give their services is economy based in its operation.

Fig 1. Four Pillars of e-governance

3. OBJECTIVES OF E-GOVERNANCE:

Objective of the e-governance is simplifying the governance for government, citizens and business, through Information Communication Technology giving good governance, connecting citizens, government and business in single mode for friendly administration by high quality and minimum cost make all level of citizen participation and democratization of administration and empowering citizens in all level.

4. MAJOR ASPECTS OF E-GOVERNANCE:

Dimensions of e-governance apply to Information Technology for the improving of administration. The e-governance provides an administration system hardware and software, bandwidth, carrier systems. The Information exchanged between both administration and citizens will solve the barriers of bureaucratic system. Through this encourage citizens participating in administrative system.

In addition to above mentioned Application, Information, Data, Integration, Network, Security, aspects of e-governance decentralizing the service.

5. PRACTICES OF E-GOVERNANCE:

Practice of digital technology in government its role become more citizen-focused, governs more effectively and reduce the cost while not compromising in the quality of public services. The goal is to reach beyond current efforts to "reinvent government," by identifying breakthrough strategies that rethink the core value of key government services, improve service delivery, reduce costs, and redefine administrative processes. (Lal, Ram and Haleem, Abid, 2002: 69 – 81) In Figure 2. Inter relation between citizens, government, and business in e-governance.

Fig 2 e-governance

Public issues like:

Electricity, water Telephone, Ration card, Sanitation, Public Transport, police, etc.

Police:

FIR information, prisoners’ information, passport and foreigners information, etc.

Rural Services:

Land records, below poverty line and economically weaker sections, etc.

Public Information:

Government notification on Trainings, recruitment, e-procurements, examination, results transport (airlines/railways/buses) service information’s, government forms, and governments schemes, etc.

Agriculture Sectors:

Rainfall information, flood information, Pesticides, Fertilizers, weather fore-cast, Market Price of various commodities, etc.

Commercial Services:

Central/State Excise Duty, Sales Tax, House Tax, Taxation and return filing, Corporate tax, Income tax, Custom Duty, Property tax etc.

Social Services:

Pension, Widows Pension Schemes, Acquisition, compensation, caste, certificates, Ration card, birth certificates, death certificates, motor vehicle registration, driving licenses, etc.

6. DIGITAL DEMOCRACY:

Digital democracy is "a collection of attempts to practice democracy without the limits of time, space, and other physical conditions, using ICT or computer-mediated communication (CMC) instead, as an addition, not a replacement for traditional ("analogue") political practices." (Hacker & Van Dijk, 2000)

Today the term "virtual democracy" is a new way of democracy while "techno democracy" is a associated with electronic polling and e-voting. The term "electronic democracy" is too broad because it can include the Medias like TV, radio and telephone, etc.

6.1 Stages of Digital Democracy:

According to Roza Tsagarousianou there are three types of digital democracy:

· Obtaining information

· Engaging in deliberation

· Participating in decision making (Lanham, 1996)

Further there are three types of interaction between the government-citizen relationships:

· One-way information providing,

· A two-way relationship, and

· Active participation.

In one-way information providing, government generate and release the information for use by citizens. In the two-way relationship, citizens are encouraged by government to provide feedback on specific schemes and programmed issues. Active participation refers to the connection between government and citizens, and citizens discuss the policy options and checked the policies actively.

6.2 Digital Democracy Model:

In developed and developing countries, a four stage of digital democracy is practiced. They are:

· Information revealing,

· Consultation,

· Online examining, and

· Online decision-making process.

Digital democracy progresses from lower-level stage of information revealing to higher-level stage of online decision-making process. These stages are citizen participation by means of the Internet. In the stage of information revealing, public operation provide information on policy matters on the Internet so citizens can read and form their opinions. In the stage of consultation, public operations receive feedback or opinions from citizens by government Web sites. In the stage of online discussion, citizens and public authority discuss policy issues online.

In the stage of online decision-making process, citizens participate in decision-making through online - making it computer supported cooperation work. The development of digital democracy is Successive.

In democracy, there exist lower-level values such as responsible of public officials, responsive of public officials, transparency and efficiency of administration. It depends on good governance. Public values and beliefs important in developing countries, where authoritarian government dictates and corruptions are rampant. Thus, for developing countries, stage one and two of digital democracy are important to address first.

By contrast, in developed countries, people are dissatisfied with government and representatives because people have little opportunity to influence the decision-making process. So, stage three and stage four are considered important for citizens. (Lawrence, K. Grossman, 1995: 113 – 127)

6.3 The Indian Initiatives on Digital Democracy:

Government of India for the implementation e-based governance through National Informatics Centre (www.nic.in) include Ministry of home affairs(mha.nic.in), Staff selection commission(www.ssc.nic.in) school exam results (http://results.nic.in), for recruiting in central trade guidelines (http://commin.nic.in) passport application (http://passport.nic.in), registration procedures (http://igregn.tn.nic.in), telemedicine (http://indmed.nic.in), customs EDI (www.chennaicustoms.com), and computerization of land records in talukas (administrative unit).

While Internet costs are coming down, today telecommunication network providing more gigabyte of data in low cost last mile costs in India, thus leading to high penetration of phones and Internet. By way of comparison, India with a population of over a billion has 1.1835 billion phone subscribers and 636.73 million internet users, internet penetration as on march 2019 is 48.48% The Internet is more than telecommunications - it is power. More companies need to focus on growing the Internet market solely in developing nations; many of the companies in mature urban markets pay only lip service to rural market access. (Tapscott, D., 1998: 85 – 93)

7. CONCLUSION:

The Emerging of Information Education and Technology in Developing Countries like India. It Impact on citizens they want people friendly administration through ICT. Using of internet by the government give services at door step to citizens, government and other business. In E-Governance, government is possible use of Information technology to provide information to common peoples. The paper is make focuses on effective implementation and administration through E-Governance can take ICT to the common man, helping governments providing user friendly services in low cost and transparent. The citizen’s participation through Electronic Devices for getting services from Government makes accountable to peoples. Considering these gaps in of digital democracy, best practices develop a digital democracy. It enables the Government up gradation of administration and participatory in nature, the main aim of the E-governance is Reaching the Unreached and it finalizes the government administration is participatory in nature any time and anywhere administration with maximum work and minimal efforts a way to Digital Democracy.

8. REFERENCES:

1. Lanham, Richard. (1996). The Electronic World: Democracy, Technology and the Arts. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 82 – 89

2. Prabhu C S R. (2015) “E-governance concepts and case studies” PHI Learning private limited, Delhi. pp. 1-9

3. Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing up digital: The Rise of the Net Generation. New York: McGraw Hill, pp. 85 – 93.

4. Lawrence, K. Grossman. (1995). The Electronic Republic: Reshaping Democracy in the Information Age. New York: Penguin, pp. 113 – 127

5. Lal, Ram and Haleem Abid. (2002). “E Governance: An Emerging Paradigm”, VISION: The Journal of Business Perspective, July-Dec, pp 69-81.

6. Jonathan, Katz. (1997). The Digital Citizen, Wired, December: 5, p. 12. Available online at http://hotwired. lycos.com/special/citizen.

7. Gupta, Vivek. (2003). “E-Government- The Emerging Paradigm” in E-Business, ICFAI Press, April, pp. 15 - 22

8. Pradeep Nair. “E-Governance : A Step Towards Digital Democracy” Foundations of Government computer society of India, pp. 147-154

Received on 11.03.2020 Modified on 04.05.2020

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2020; 11(4):361-364.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2020.00057.1