Spatial pattern of calorie intake based on income and poverty in Birbhum, W.B.

 

Dr. Gopal Chandra Debnath

Senior Fellow, Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi, Affiliated to Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

In the last few decades understanding the nature of interrelationship between income, poverty and calorie intake is an interesting topic to debate on. In this present study, it is trying to find out how per capita daily income determines the per capita calorie intake in Birbhum district. Though the average per capita calorie intake in Birbhum district has increased from 1371.68 Kcal (2008) to 1816.52 Kcal (2018) and still it is below the standard level. A deficit of requiring nutrients exposes human health towards vulnerability. The data analysis reveals a positive correlation that exists between daily per capita Kcal intake and per capita daily income in the study area with the regression value of 0.256. An association of policymakers, governmental and non-governmental agencies, employment generation programs, agricultural development, and awareness campaigns could play a significant role in alleviating poverty through appropriate programmes.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

“Poverty not only refers simply to lack of resources or inabilities of households or individuals to meet their basic  needs” according to Hettige (2005), but “it involves monetary dimensions reflected as low income levels, pattern of expenditures, housing condition, living pattern, lifestyle, food habit and security at one hand, while, on another hand non-monetary dimensions like hunger, illiteracy, epidemics, lack of health services, safe drinking water etc. which are essential components to assess the level of poverty” (UNDP,1997).The sign of poverty differ at national, regional, and local (community, household and individual) levels. Income, poverty, and food security are closely associated with each other. According to Rangarajan Committee, poverty line is based on monthly per capita consumption expenditure.

 

The committee has recommended monthly income of Rs 972 in rural areas and Rs 1,407 in urban areas based on 2011-12 financial year that translates to daily income of Rs 32 in rural areas and Rs 47 in urban areas.

 

India is the fastest-growing economy in the world. In the past two decades, poverty has declined considerably.  More than 73 million people (5.5 percent) live under extreme poverty in the country. In 1990, the World Bank set a benchmark of 2 dollars per day income for measuring poverty. Poverty is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, and is pronounced as deprivation in well-being which vary person – to – person. The World Bank states “The poor are hungry and their hunger traps them in poverty causing death”. Report stated that poor is to be hungry, to lack shelter and clothing, to be sick and not cared for, or not being able to see a doctor, to be illiterate and not schooled. They are often treated badly by the institutions of state and society and excluded from voice and power in those institutions. Poverty is fear for the future leading to powerlessness, lack of representation, speech and freedom along with insecurities” (ISER, 2011).

 

“Frequently, poverty is defined in either relative or absolute terms. Absolute poverty measures poverty in relation to meet basics needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. The concept of absolute poverty is not concerned with broader quality of life issues or with the overall level of inequality in society (United Nations, 1995)”. “Poverty, food insecurity, poor nutrition and health are among the most pernicious problems which are eroding quality of life and limiting economic productivity” (IFPRI’s 2020). The organization also examines that Food systems are evolving quickly to meet growing and changing demand but are not serving everyone’s needs.

 

Food security not only implies the availability of basic foods, but also the accessibility to those foods with nutritional basics. Nutrition is key element to human being. Cereals and cereal products are staple foods in most human diets (Kushi LH, Meyer KA, Jacobs DR Jr(1999) in both developed and developing countries, providing a major proportion of dietary energy and nutrients. They are composed of approximately 75% carbohydrates, mainly starches and about 6–15% protein, contributing in global terms more than 50% of energy supply (WHO, 2002). The lacks of employment opportunities in rural areas force to migrate in urban areas. Poor people failed to take adequate foods, nutrients, medicines which result different health issues. Calorie intake has a strong positive relationship with productivity and human health.

 

LITERATURE REVIEW:

A substantial amount of research works was carried out by the researchers to understand the income and calorie intake relationship. Traditionally it is stated that low economic condition leads to insufficient food consumption and deficit in require calorie intake (Abdulai and Aubert, 2004a; Strauss and Thomas, 1995). Many researchers are using 'Engel curve'. ‘Gini’ coefficient and other models are good for the analysis of the interrelationship between income, expenditure, and food security. Different studies show contrasting and interesting results like positive relation between income and calorie intake where some of the studies find out little or insignificant results (Bouis, 1994; Sahn, 1988; Ravallion; 1990). Rise of income or and expenditure would raise the calorie intake among the people (Abdulai and Aubert, 2004b; Subramanian and Deaton, 1996). Some of the studies claimed that if the income increases it is not necessary for extra or increase in calorie intake (Bouis and Haddad, 1992; Behrman and Deolalikar, 1987; Behrman and Wolfe, 1984).

 

Different organizations still considered income as a major determinant of food consumption and calorie intake. FAO (2009) reports on food insecurity, “Diminished economic access to food because of higher prices was compounded by lower incomes”.

 

Aromolaran (2004) in his paper stated that inadequate calorie consumption reduces human productivity and causes human health risk. He also claimed that a person's calorie intake should be sufficient for sustaining his metabolic rate and other activities over his anticipate lifetime. Once the required calorie consumption pattern interrupted by any means and crosses the minimum threshold limit, the human body is a health risk. Secondly, the optimal productivity of a human body will decline as the supply of optimal calorie intake has interrupted.

 

Strauss (1986) claimed that people especially labor groups can fulfilling the nutritional demands only by increasing daily calorie intake which leads to more productive work, more income, increasing purchasing capacity, and ultimately fulfill all nutritional demands.

 

In Nigeria, Ajayeoba (2010) examined that 53 million (30%) of people are hungry. The Government of FRN in 2006 reported that this huge number of hunger people spread over rural and urban Nigeria. Oloyede (2005) asserted in his study that the country recorded a remarkable alteration in food consumption, proportion of starchy foods such as rice, cassava, maize, and yams consumption increase whereas protein foods consumption decrease significantly. This country observed an average of 10 percent deficit in the supply of per day per capita require calorie intake in 1988-1990 and a 15 percent deficit in 1992-1996 and in 2002 the average per day per capita protein intake was only 61.1 grams (FAOSTAT, 2004).

 

The WHO (2006) estimated that about 2.3 billion adult people are suffering from the overweight problem and 700 million suffering obese problems due to low quality (deficit calorie) food consumption, nutrients, and excessive eating for fulfilling the required deficit nutrients.

 

Supplying nutrient foods and a healthy body has remained the primary objectives of India's developmental schemes. This can only be achieved by the more nutrients food production, increasing expenditure or income, proper distribution, check the uncertain price rise, and supply subsidized food grains among the poor. In India, despite different efforts, there is no significant progress observed in this field (Meenkashi and Vishwanathan, 2003; Deaton and Dreze, 2009; Patnaik, 2010; Chand and Jumrani, 2013)

 

Study Area:

The district of Birbhum lies between 23° 32´ 30" N to 24° 35´ 0" N latitudes and between 87° 05´ 25" E to 88° 01´ 40" E longitudes, covering an area of 4545 Sq. Km. (Figure-1). The district is the northern most part of Burdwan division. The district contains 19 Community Development C.D. Blocks, 2,242 inhabited villages, 6 Municipal towns, and 14 census towns. The factors of poverty consequences in the area are Physical - Climate and terrain features, Demographic - rapid growth of population and family size; Economic - low agricultural productivity, unequal distribution of land and other assets, decline of village industries, immobility of human labour force and lack of employment opportunities; Social – education, caste system, joint family and social customs; Personal causes- lack of motivation and idleness. The backwardness and poverty of this district are mainly determined by its physical character and its natural resource. The almost entire district is characterized by undulating topography. The western and south-western part of this district is characterized by high to moderate relief. Except for these parts, the entire district is covered by well-drained plain topography. The climate of this district is generally dry. The average annual rainfall is 1,131 mm while the maximum and minimum temperatures are 45° and 7° Celsius. The soils found in the district are Aqualfs - Ustalfs, Aqualfs – Othents, Aqualfs – Fluvents – Aquents, Aqualfs – Ochrepts – Fluvents, Aqualfs – Ochrepts – Aquepts, Fluvents – Aquepts – Aqualfs (Figure-2). On the basis of its physio-geographic considerations, the district has been divided into 4 sub-micro regions. These are Nalhati Plain, Brahmani-Mayrakshi Basin, Suri-Bolpur Plain, and Bakreswar Upland (Figure-3).

 

LOCATION MAP OF BIRBHUM:

 

Figure-1

 

Figure-2

 

Figure-3

 

OBJECTIVES:

i.      To study the spatial and temporal variation in distribution of poverty

ii.    To assess the calorie intake based on income

 

Data source and methodology:

The data collection was involved viz. topographical sheets, village cadastral maps, satellite data, GPS data and demographic details. The Survey of India topographical sheets has been used for the current base study. The study is to be based on primary and secondary sources of data for analyzing the causes of poverty striking people which includes - Magazine, Census data, Internet websites, Questionnaire, interviews, and data collection from oher government and NGO Offices. A detailed primary field survey along with data from secondary sources in the different economic groups of these villages was conducted with a view to assess the nutritional status of the rural population in the district.

 

Based on the physiographic division of the Birbhum district, two villages were selected from each of the physiographic divisions. From the 8 selected villages, a total of 396 households randomly selected with nearly 2,075 populations come under the survey. Information mainly related to agricultural productivities, food consumption, and working activities were collected during the field survey. Prior to field survey, poverty related information have collected from various sources. To compute the population for 2018, exponential growth model has applied. Considering the sample households, and the similarities of the variables, a rough guess has been drawn to represent the entire district.

 

For estimating the per day per capita income, variables like per hectare agricultural production, animal husbandry, their market price, profits, working wages such as works come under MGNREGA schemes, and others were taken into consideration. Information related to these variables then aggregate and converted into national rupees.

The calorie, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats data were estimated by analyzing household food consumption behaviors as per the guide lines of ICMR norms. The statistical method like regression analysis was performed for estimating the magnitude of the relationship of Per capita daily income with Daily per capita Kcal intake. Choropleth cartographic technique has been used to prepare maps for showing C.D. Block-wise income and calorie intake distribution, and maps are constructing in ARCGIS v.10.5 (Evaluation copy) environment.

 

Table 1 C.D. Block-wise percent of population under Antyodayaanna Yojana (AAY), Priority House holds and Total Poverty in Birbhum district, 2018

 

Figure-4                                                                                                  Figure-5

 

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Antyodayaanna Yojana (AAY) is a government of India sponsored scheme which launched in 2000 to provide high subsidies foods to the economically backward people all over the country to ensure food security among the poor and make hunger-free India. In 2018, it is estimated that about 9.94 per cent of the total population in Birbhum district is under Antyodayaanna Yojana (AAY) category.

 

The high proportion of the people of  AAY category found in Suri-I (15.08 %) followed by Suri-II (13.01 %), Dubrajpur (13.56 %), Sainthia (13.26 %), Rajnagar (13.29 %),  and Khoyrasole (13.15 %) respectively. The low per cent of  AAY category oberved in Nalhati-II (4.42 %), Murarai-II (5.56 %), and Nanoor (6.99 %) C.D. Blocks respectively (Table 1 and Figure-4).

 

 

Figure-6

 

In 2018, estimated priority households in the district recorded 23.76 percent of its total population. The high per cent priority households observed  i.e. more than 28 per cent in Nalhati-I and Nalhati-II C.D. Blocks while moderate priority households found in Murarai-II (27.26 %), followed by Mayureswar-I (24.52 %), Rampurhat-II (26.95 %), Dubrajpur (24.46 %), Bolpur-Sriniketan (25.87 %t) and Nanoor (25.36 %t) respectively (Table 1) where as the least per cent of priority households have recorded  in Murarai-I (17.27 %), Sainthia (19.82 %), Rajnagar (18.77 %) and Khoyrasole (19.94 %) C.D. Blocks of the study area.  (Table 1, Figure-5).

Due to the paucity of income, it is not possible to procure basic needs like food, clothing and to maintain the shelters for sustaining their daily life. It is estimated that about 33.70 per cent of the total population are lying under total poverty line.

 

It is revealed from table-1 and figure-6 that very high percentage of total poverty population has recorded in Nalhati-I (42.29 %) and Dubrajpur (38.02 %) C.D. Blocks while moderately high has observed in Nalhati-II, Mayureswar-I, Mayureswar-II, Rampurhat-II, Suri-I, and Suri-II C.D. Blocks. There are eight (8) C.D. Blocks of the district that lies above the district average (33.70) as shown in table-1where as eleven (11) C.D. Blocks are below the district average. The low per cent of total poverty found in Murarai-I (27.62 %) and Mohammad Bazar (29.59 %) C.D. Blocks respectively.

 

Figure-7

 

“Income is the consumption and savings opportunity gained by an entity within a specified timeframe, which is generally expressed in monetary terms” Barr (2004). The food security of a household is defined by the income of that household. The additional income has the capability to purchase extra food and fulfill nutritional demands. The C.D. Block wise per capita income as portrayed in figure-7 and table-2 has been calculated from agriculture production, 100 days works, daily wages and other source of income. The average per capita daily income of the district is Rs.35/- only. It reveals from table-2 that 9 out of 19 C.D. Blocks per capita daily income  are below the district average.   The highest per capita recorded in Suri-I C.D. Block with Rs.56/- only while lowest one recorded in Khoyrasol with an average income of Rs. 22/- only. The distrct has been classified into four (4) group according to per capita income.  

 

Table-2 Estimated Daily Per capita Income (2018)

Source: Field survey

 

As per the recommendation of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) that standard energy requirement is 2400 Kcal in rural areas of which 64.9 gms of protein provides 260 Kcal. It will be also observed from the above table that 1501 Kcal energy was being available from cereals alone and another 123 Kcal from pulses, i.e. a total of 1624 Kcal from food grains. The breakup of standard requirement is depicted in Table-3. As per the recommendation of ICMR (1990), average daily per capita consumption of cereals is 396 grams. It is expected that as high as 42 per cent of their incomes spends on cereals. “As incomes rise, the household first try to earmark larger share of income to purchase cereals and stave off the hunger and then start spending more on pulses, foods from animal origin, food goods and other goods and services”(FAO). The average per day per capita 2400 calories (Kcal) has to be intake that constitutes 605 grams of carbohydrate, 68 grams of protein and 60 grams of fat. But none of the C.D. Blocks of the district achieved the standard requirement in 2008 as depicted in table-3 and figure-8a while five (5) C.D. Blocks viz. Sainthia (4919 kcal) followed by Rampurhat-II (4054 kcal), Labhpur (3371 kcal), IIlambazar (2806 kcal) and Rampurhat-I (2655 kcal) respectively have exceed the standard requirement of 2400 kcal in 2018 (figure-8b).

 

Table 3 C.D. Block-wise comparison of calories intake scenario in people in Birbhum district

Source: Field survey

 

 

Figure-8a                                                                                         Figure-8b

 

Figure-9

 

It is revealed from table-3 that Nalhati-II, Murarai-I, Mayureswar-I, Mayureswar-II, Md. Bazar, Dubrajpur, Rajnagar, Suri-II, and Khoyrasol C.D. Blocks have recorded a declining trend of per day per capita calorie intake between 2008 to 2018 (figure-9).

 

Figure-10 represents the relationship between of per capita daily income and daily per capita Kcal intake. The Per capita daily income control the Daily per capita kcal intake. The r value (0.5064) shows the positive correlation among these two variables with increasing 1 unit in per capita daily income there will be a = 67.481x - 551.27 unit increase in daily per capita kcal intake in the study region. The R² value is 0.2565 or 25.65 per cent. Hence it shows that 25.65 of the observed variation accpetable. The R² value implies that 25.65 % of the observed variation is explained by the model’s input. In other words, the relationship between per capita calorie intake and per capita income hold good. It obviously indicates that per capita income is a good predictor for per capita calorie intake.

 

 

CONCLUSION:

It appears from this discussion that there is on the whole lack of calorie intake that leads to a variety of ailments in the district. Calorie intake mostly derived from cereals and pulses as a result the entire district suffers from deficiency of carbohydrates and fat. However, protein is to some extent sufficient in the study area.

 

District presents an inconsistent portrait of poverty amidst plenty with high frequency of poverty. Poor cultivators depend upon diverse and multifaceted livelihood systems. If an individual is poor, landless and socioeconomically deprived then there is no other option except migration. To overcome this distress situation, the concept of village information system (VIS) should be considered. It is utmost necessity to create awareness among the villagers to get better knowledge. As village information system allows the management and analysis of village related information for efficient rural planning. It is required for planning and implementing policies for facilities such as drinking water, educational institutions, health care, and electrification for removing poverty.

 

In this paper, it was trying to investigate how per capita income and poor economic status of the households control the purchasing power and ultimately control the per capita calorie intake. The outcome of the study reveals that the majority of the household in the study area living below the poverty line. C.D. Block-wise distribution of income and poverty inequality also identified in this study. Intra Household's inequality is more important in comparison to the physiographic inequality in the study region. Though the proportion of calorie intake among the households in different C.D. Blocks of  the district was increased from 2008 to 2018 but the calorie intake still remains insufficient for leading a healthy life and further a high level of inequality in calorie intake was observed among the study areas. The R² value (0.256) indicates that daily income has a positive association with the daily calorie intake in the study area. The poverty problem can alleviated by equal distribution in income and sustaining healthy life by consuming sufficient calorie on daily basis. Gini coefficient value related to number of landholdings and area of landholding 0.337 indicates adequate equality (figure-11). Hence, there is an ample scope to raise the food production and to feed the people.

 

 

Figure-11

 

It is suggested that government should properly identify the main cause of this kind of inequality among the poor and should take some strategic measure for increasing agricultural production, creating new job opportunities, awareness programs about the benefits of standard calorie intake, nutrition education among the poor households. There is no shortcut but benefiting the deprived people and eliminating inequality is the only way towards a developed society

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I wish to acknowledge the assistance I had from Indian Council of Social Science and Research, (Ministry of Human Resource and Development), New Delhi, to write this paper, I gratefully acknowledge Dr. S.M. Verma, Deputy Director (RFS) and his team for their unconditional support.

 

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Received on 30.05.2020         Modified on 19.06.2020

Accepted on 02.07.2020      ©AandV Publications All right reserved