Causes of Naxalism and its impact on Tourism in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh

 

Alok Kumar Sikdar¹, Dr. Vibha Singh²

¹Research Scholar in Political Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur

²Assistant Professor, Dept. of Political Science, Kalyan College, Bhilai

 

ABSTRACT:

This present paper attempts to find out the effects of the menace of naxalism on tourism and its allied sectors like transport, construction, unemployment etc. It tries to find out negative perceptions in the minds of people which restrain them from visiting the Bastar region. It investigates how factors like forest cover, lack of education, poverty, rampant unemployment and corruption in the region provides nurturing medium for the growth and grooming of naxal movement. Further it clarifies how presence of naxalites in the region impacts overall development of tourism in the region.

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Chhattisgarh, with its virgin forests and magnificent landscape, is a backpacker’s dream. No wonder that in year 2014 only it had more than two million visitors. The state which boasts numerous waterfalls and plateaus, a variety of flora and fauna, national parks, temples and rich tribal art and craft, also faces a grim threat from Naxalism.

 

Chhattisgarh and so Bastar is full of resources that makes it a potential tourist destination. If tourism grows to the fullest in the region, the economic viability will multiply. This growth is restricted due to the problem of naxal activities and the psychological effect of fear it has on the minds of the people. Naxalism has altogether an adverse impact on tourism in the region. It brings status quo in the developmental process of the region. It hampers economy as also overshadows the merits of visiting various tourist spots present in the region.

 

 

Bastar region:

Bastar is a spiritually significant region in India. It comprises some areas of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha states. The Bastar region of Chhattisgarh is roughly equivalent to seven districts namely Dantewada, Bastar, Sukma, Bijapur, Narayanpur, Kanker and Kondagaon. It is a region with mythological importance, related to the areas where Ram, Sita and Laxman of Ramayana spent 14 years in exile.

 

It is believed that the Bastar region is actually the region of Valmiki’s Ramayana. The old Shabari that Rama met was an ancient Gond inhabitant of these forests. The Monkey King Sugreeva’s kingdom too was based here. It is also believed that the Pandawas had journeyed through these dense forests when they were in hiding.

 

How Maoism became a tribal movement in Chhattisgarh:

When Chandrababu Naidu deposed his father in law N T Rama Rao in a coup in 1995 and occupied his place, the public labeled him traitor. To get back into favour with the public at large, Naidu decided to bring in a paradigm shift in government policies that would reform his image besides doing well for the people. Little did Naidu know that he was about to change the course of the Maoist movement in the country and the nurseries from where they recruited their men. At that time Andhra Pradesh was the only state that was affected by the left ultras that had a free run in places not more than 50 miles away from the capital Hyderabad. Not surprising, considering that Andhra Pradesh was a highly feudal state with little land reforms. The red movement was a result of landlordism especially in the Telangana region. Naidu wanted to change all this by making the state an active participant in the era of globalization. The process of liberalization initiated by the central government in 1991 that effectively decentralized decision-making power to the states, came as a boon. The new age chief minister decided to showcase Hyderabad and attract investors to the city by offering land at throwaway prices. Investors looking for incentives to reduce their project costs fell for the bait. But one problem remained: Hyderabad could never be sold as an international destination with rampaging left ultras so close to the city. Thus, began a policy of strongly countering Maoists including using encounters as a weapon. The process continued - after a gap – in the regime of Y S Rajasekhara Reddy. Maoists realised that they would have to set up an alternate command centre to insulate themselves from the heat of the Andhra police. It was at this time that thickly forested Bastar in then Madhya Pradesh was chosen as the alternative. "The tribal areas in the Bastar that was geographically contiguous to Telangana offered an option. Here the Maoists could plan and plot without disturbance. The place was peaceful and the tribals in close proximity offered no resistance," says a Maoist expert. On their part, the Maoists had little to do with the tribals except for offering them some expertise to improve their life. The area of operations for the Maoists would however remain to be the same: the plains of Andhra Pradesh.

 

Naxalism spread at a very high rate till 2007, after which there had been some decrease in naxal activities and their area of hold. This was possible due to some active intervention by centre and concerned state governments. One such intervention could be seen in the formation of Greyhounds, a special force created by Andhra Pradesh government in 1989 to remove the foothold of naxalites from their state. While to an extent government were able to check the spread of Left-Wing Extremism, much needs to be done to totally erase this movement.

 

CAUSES OF NAXALISM:

Dense forest covers:

 

Source: India State of Forest Report, 2015

 

India is a country that boasts uneven forest covers. Some states have very less while some have very dense forest cover. According to the ‘India State of Forest Report, 2015’ Chhattisgarh state has a forest cover of 55586 km² which is 41.12% of its total geographical area. This is around 20% more than the country’s average forest cover i.e 21.34%. In Chhattisgarh itself this 41.12% of forest cover is very unevenly distributed. As easily visible in the forest cover map, the southern region of Chhattisgarh is the densest area under forest cover. This is nearly equal to the Bastar region of the state. Out of 55586 km² forest over of Chhattisgarh, Bastar division accounts for around 22368 km² of forest area. Also, Bastar division mostly have tribal districts. Dense forest cover of Bastar division is emphasized here because it becomes one of the main reasons for the naxals to choose these densely forested areas as their easy hide outs. Remote forested areas of Bastar are unreachable due to limited or no connectivity. Countering naxalites in such jungles becomes really difficult for the security forces. Naxalites take advantage of the knowledge they have of the geographical conditions of the area as they disappear in the forest after any armed attack on security forces. The shrubs along the roadsides are used by them to cover themselves, for keeping a watch, waiting and triggering explosives on the convoys of security forces. Such attacks have been responsible for most of the deaths of jawans of paramilitary forces. Naxals also use forests to hide their armories like guns, mortars etc. Villages are frequently searched by the forces, so digging pits and keeping arms in them becomes easier and safer for naxalites. Due to these forest covers security forces requires skills and expertise of guerilla warfare along with specialized arms to counter attack naxals. It further increases the cost of security that affects the govt. exchequers with extra financial burdens.

 

Lack of education:

Lack of education has become a prime suiting reason for naxals to inhabit Bastar division to carry out their movement. People are easily driven by the gimmick played by naxals. Naxalites bait local uneducated by recruiting and paying them for joining their violent movement. The condition of education is a concern in Bastar division. According to census of 2011, 70.28% population of Chhattisgarh is literate. Out of the 27 districts, the six lowest performing districts are from Bastar division.

 

 

 

Descending order of Literacy Rate of 27 Districts of C.G. As per census of 2011
S.No.	Name of District	Literacy Oercentage
1	DURG	82.56
2	RAIPUR	80.52
3	BALOD	80.28
4	DHAMTARI	78.36
5	RAJNANDGAON	75.96
6	RAIGARH	73.26
7	JANJGIR CHAPA	73.07
8	BILASPUR	72.87
9	KORBA	72.37
10	MAHASAMUND	71.02
11	KORIYA	70.64
12	BALODABAZAAR	70.63
13	KANKER	70.29
14	BEMETARA	69.87
15	GARIYABAND	68.26
16	JASHPUR	67.92
17	MUNGELI	64.75
18	SURAJPUR	60.95
19	SARGUJA	60.86
20	KAWARDHA	60.85
21	BALRAMPUR	57.98
22	KONDAGAON	56.21
23	BASTAR	53.15
24	DANTEWADA	48.63
25	NARAYANPUR	48.62
	BIJAPUR	40.86
26	SUKMA	34.81

Districts namely Kondagaon, Bastar, Dantewada, Narayanpur, Bijapur and Sukma have the ranks 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 respectively. Only Kanker district is at 13^th position. It is not a coincidence but a matter of fact that naxalite utilize this abysmal condition of the locals, particularly the youths, in fetching their support to feed the naxalite movement.

 

Poverty:

Poverty is such a curse that it can drive someone to do wrong to fulfill basic needs of life. More than a fifth of the population in every district in the Chhattisgarh lives in extreme poverty. The per capita income in the state, measured in real terms is Rs. 96,887 far below the national average of Rs. 126,406 in 2018-19. Also, spatial analysis illustrates a clear connection between forest areas and poverty.

 

Chhattisgarh has the third largest area under forest cover after Madhya Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. About 41% of the total geographical area of the state is covered under forests. A microscopic view of the poor districts—Bijapur, Surguja, Bastar and Narayanpur—shows significant proportion of the poor population in the forested areas. One aspect of high poverty in the forested areas is the lack of economic opportunities, with neither arable land nor scope for sufficient employment. Another aspect of these forest fringe areas is over-exploitation of resources for fuel and food, as well as illicit felling of trees for commercial purposes. The degradation of forest resources and restricted access for the poor to available natural resources keeps the poor trapped in their circumstances.

 

Figure 1. As per Tendulkar committee’s poverty definition for 2011-12

 

Geographical isolation also contributes to spatial concentration of poverty. There is a higher concentration of poor population near forest areas. Poverty distribution in district level shows Bijapur as the poorest district of the state with 65.9% population below poverty line. Similarly, Dantewada stands 2^nd with 57% people below poverty line. Bastar ranks 4^th with 51.4% (These three districts comprise 6 districts of Bastar division of present-day Chhattisgarh). Only Kanker fares well with povery below 50% i.e 38.1%.

 

Like lack of education, high poverty rate also creates budding grounds for naxal recruitment in the region. Security of family and monetary benefits given by the naxal groups to the new recruits becomes more attractive to the people who are poor.

 

 

Rampant unemployment:

Rampant unemployment due to linkages of poverty, lack of education and awareness also plays vital role in inviting naxals in the region. They can recruit these unemployed youths, brainwash and train them for induction in the so-called war.

 

Moreover, high poverty areas exhibit a high degree of physical and social infrastructure sparseness. This is demonstrated by poor infrastructure in terms of inadequate road connectivity and fewer infrastructural facilities, such as educational institutions, hospitals, etc. There are a number of remote villages in Bastar that are unreachable. Even for the security forces it becomes very difficult. They have to walk long treacherous paths on foot with arms and ammunition as there are no roads for their vehicles. Further, when the naxals fires hiding behind the bushes is never known.

Corruption:

Corruption in the area adds to the pathetic situation of the region. Self-aggrandizing nexus between naxals, politicians and businessmen allow naxalites to operate freely. Naxalites need such poor, uneducated, innocent and unemployed people to lure them with pseudo benefits of joining bloody revolutionary movement. Bastar region offers perfect scenario for naxals to settle with minimum problems and carry out their movement.

 

IMPACT OF NAXALISM ON TOURISM:

Naxalism was born as a rebellion by the farmers against autocracies of zamindars and administration. They retaliated violently sending a strong message of protest. The clear message was that if victimization of farmers continues, response would be violent. Getting support from ideology of Maoism, naxals initiated a thought changing process in the minds of the people. It was a two-pronged approach comprising two simultaneous processes. First process of attack or retaliate the law and order branch of state. This would no doubt create an atmosphere of fear as these violent fights involved use of arms and weapons. Normal public hence had a reservation about these places where such encounters were frequent. Guerrilla warfare of hiding in jungles and carrying out surprise attacks mostly on cavalcades of security forces involves utilization of guns, IEDs, land mines etc. This makes the air scarier for the locals and outsiders. Second process of the two-pronged approach works on the mental and psychological level. The naxals try to make people believe that the state treats them unequally and leave them behind in the development process. Remote areas with ingenious local tribes which are full of natural resources become the centre stage here.

 

Of the two approaches the first one majorly affects tourism while the second one effects development in the concerned area. Having said this, it needs to be emphasised that the impact of naxalism on tourism and development has an encircling effect. Various factors that determine impact of naxalism arise from the intermingling of cause and effects of many different factors.

 

Naxalism impacts tourism mainly due to the aura of fear that encircles the actions of naxals. Naxals retreat through violent measures while dealing with security forces or any other branch of the state. Ideologically they believe that they are fighting for the rights of the mass who have been neglected in the process of development. They reiterate every time that their fight is against the state and the rich, while for any general public causalities (in their attacks on public transports etc) they adjudge it as “collateral damage”.  Collateral damage is also a damage of life, and this fear of life creates repulsion in the minds of the people to visit places of tourist attractions in naxal affected areas. Every other factor that adds to this repulsion comes from the trickledown effect that starts from the main cause of fear. It is the demand and supply formula that works here. When people don’t want to visit any particular place, why would government spend on the infrastructure encouraging tourism in that place? Many other reasons and factors follow the factor of fear.

 

Tourism in a particular area is affected by various factors and phenomena. But before we dwell into this we should know what actually attracts tourists. Tourists have their own reasons to like or dislike a place.

 

Types of Tourists:

According to the nature of tourists their needs and their reasons for travelling, they could be classified into four broad categories:

·      Business and professional tourist

·      Leisure and holiday tourists

·      Tourists travelling to visit friends and relatives

·      Youth tourists, including backpackers and gap year travellers

 

The tourism industry tries to meet the needs of all types of tourists by providing suitable facilities and services for each category.

 

·      Business and professional tourist:

Business tourist’s travel is related to business and the world of work. They travel mainly to attend meetings, exhibitions and special events. All major cities have conference centres that cater for the needs of business tourists.

Likewise, education tourists travel to attend a place of learning in another town, city, or country, in order to study. Health or medical tourist travel because they want to visit a holiday spa, needs medical special treatment that is only available away from home, undergo procedures that are cheaper in another country, or are recovering from an illness in a healthier climate.

·      Leisure and holiday tourist:

Adventure tourist want an unusual and exciting experience. They want to participate in activities that may be dangerous, such as rock climbing. Another segment of tourists who want to experience different cultures, cultural related festivals are called cultural tourists. As also eco tourists travel to experience nature in its pure form. Leisure tourist want to rest and relax and have break from the usual routine. Religious tourists want to see and experience places of religious importance. Then there are shopping tourists who travel to shopping areas like shopping malls with the purpose of buying items. An interesting segment of tourists also exist who have particular interests such as food and wine, bird watching etc. They may be called as Special interest tourists. Sport and recreation tourist participate in or watch sporting events. Popular events may be Cricket world cup, Wimbledon tennis championship etc.

·      Tourists travelling to visit friends and relatives:

Tourist visiting friends and relatives want to stay in contact with friends and relatives and travel away from home to visit them. These tourists may travel to attend a wedding, funeral, or birthday celebration of friends or relatives.

·      Youth tourists, including backpackers and gap year travellers:

A place may attract a certain segment of people while other segment might not show such level of interest to visit that place. Bastar region with its natural beauty, aesthetic importance, and cultural abundance, appeals to the leisure and holiday tourist.

 

This segment will need some basic facilities to have a mesmerizing stay in the region. The facilities should be good roads to reach the destination, good conveyance facility, good place to stay, good and healthy food, escorts or guides, supportive administration and above all security of life.

 

Naxalism creates fear of life for the visitors. Other factors mentioned above definitely play a decisive role for a tourist to visit a place, but security of life is no doubt the major reason. Naxalism directly hampers tourism by fear factor and indirectly by hindering the development of those factors which directly affects tourism (above mentioned factors).

 

Having said all the above causes and their effects, primarily data relating to factors affecting tourism in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh as a whole need to be analysed. This analysis is basic to ascertain the intensity of the impact of naxalism on tourism. There could be other reasons too as mentioned earlier which also impacts tourism in a region, so the ratio of the impact of various factors on tourism can open various sectors and areas that needs to be analysed further.

 

Table A1. Factors affecting tourism in Bastar region of Chhatisgarh.

RESPONDENTS	FACTORS AFFECTING TOURISM					TOTAL
	No. of people most affected by Naxalism	No. of people most affected by Distance	No. of people most affected by availability of Guides	No. of people most affected by Transportation (Quality of roads, vehicles available)	No. of people most affected by lack of knowledge of tourist destinations
Foreign visitors	4	10	7	2	0	23
Domestic visitors	31	20	2	22	27	102
Total	35	30	9	27	27	125

*Data collected from schedules obtained from foreign and domestic tourists.

 

Figure 2. Bar graph representing factors affecting tourism

*Data collected from schedules obtained from foreign and domestic tourists.

 

The above table A1 and bar graph Figure A2 shows no. of people affected by various factors affecting their tourism behavior in region. It is quite clear from the table A1 that tourism in the region is most affected by naxalism. A deeper analysis of the mindset of the tourists that drove them in choosing naxalism as the major factor affecting their visit was done. This analysis was made clearer and easier with the help of another schedule whose respondents were those 35 tourists who choose naxalism as most affecting factor to them.

Table A2 Knowledge of tourist attractions in southern Dandkaranya region of Bastar

*Data collected from schedules obtained from foreign and domestic tourists.

 

Not so surprisingly, 33 out of the 35 respondents put fear of death as the main reason for selecting naxalism as the major factor affecting their tourism behavior. This clearly indicates that potential visitors fear for their lives the most, to visit the concerned region. The government and the administration are trying to find out a sustainable solution for this very problem through various angles but it doesn’t seem that much have been achieved yet. This data along with media reach makes the atmosphere of Bastar region scarier for general masses.

 

Knowledge of tourist destination:

Knowledge of tourist destinations is the foremost and pioneering factor that drives a person to a place. Information about attractions of a particular place is spread through various channels like friends, travel agencies, governments of various states etc. This in turn creates interest in a person’s mind which finally drives him/her to that place.

 

Bastar region of Chhattisgarh in particular isn’t popular much due to its tourist attractions but because of naxalists presence. This at the first place creates deterrence in people’s mind to even know about tourist attractions in the region.

 

Table A2 clearly indicates that it’s not the apathy of those respondents but the overall packaging of the destination that is hampering people of the knowledge of these places.

 

Positive packaging of the tourist places of the region is officially taken care off by the Chhattisgarh tourism board. A website is also being run by the same showing various tourist hubs and attractions in the state. Even after all these efforts why is it that the number of tourists to these destinations is not rising in a way it should be? The above data and their analysis point out to the most probable reason of fear.  There is an intermingling effect of fear and all other factors. Government of India and Chhattisgarh are trying hard to increase the accessibility of the region by constructing the much-needed infrastructure but till the time the menace of naxalism is hounding the region, the fear will prevail. So, a two-pronged approach of catering to infrastructure needs and containing naxal activities needs to be carried out simultaneously.

 

Distance and route of the destinations:

After a person knows places of visit of a particular area the next important thing that crosses the mind is the distance of the destination from his/her home. Distance is a geographical parameter that can’t be changed. In the context of Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, distance as a factor becomes restraining only when it is used along with the actual reasons of not visiting a place. As discussed, distance being a geographical parameter, in general it should have no correlation with naxalism and its activities. But here there seems to be an interesting relation.

 

From the data in Figure 3 we can easily make out that for most of the potential tourists to make a visit to the region distance doesn’t matter as much as the presence of naxal does. This finding becomes clearer when data of percentage of people travelling to Raipur and going back from there is analysed along with it.

 

 

Figure 3. Correlation of effect of distance and naxal presence

*Data collected from schedules obtained from foreign and domestic tourists

According to a data released by Chhattisgarh tourism board about 80% of people travelling to Raipur don’t proceed further to Bastar and return back home after visiting nearby places. This is a clear indication that distance doesn’t matters for them as Bastar isn’t that far for people travelling thousands of kilometres to Raipur. It is the naxal aura of Bastar region that wary them to visit the region.

 

Another important parameter that dictates an individual’s visit to a place is the ease or difficulty of reaching that particular place. The route through which he/she will reach the destination should be known to him/her. As also the route should be accessible through vehicles. This in particular is a matter of concern for the Bastar region as many places don’t find a place even in the google map which otherwise gives easy accessibility to any location on the planet. Most of the remote tourist destinations located in Bastar cannot be found in google map. These routes only need to be known through locals or from people who have already visited these places.

 

Allied tourism infrastruture impacted by naxalism:

Naxalism has a direct impact on tourism through the aura of fear they create by their violent activities. Along with this naxalism largely impacts the allied infrastructures that go in consonance with a positive effect on the growth of tourism in a region. These infrastructures include roads to reach a particular destination; facilities to stay like hotels, guest houses; restaurants where good food can be found; and shopping places like local markets, shops and malls.

 

Bastar region of Chhattisgarh lacks these infrastructures barring some cities like Jagdalpur. The lack of these infrastructures can be attributed mainly to the presence of naxal extremism in the area. There are political and economic factors as well that becomes reasons for the abysmal situation of these infrastructures in the region. These factors will be dealt with in details in the later chapters.

 

While here, we will be dealing with the interconnectedness of the impact of naxalism on infrastructures related to tourism.

 

Impact on roads:

Region south to Raipur of Chhattisgarh do not have any connectivity via railway lines. The only connection is through NH 30, state highways and local roads. NH 30 that starts from Sitarganj, Uttarakhand ends in Ibrahimpatnam, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. NH 30 passes all through the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. NH 30 is being repaired and till June 2019 around 80% of the work has been completed. The national highway is constructed by National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) and is in a very good condition with high durability. Till Jagdalpur from Raipur, the construction of the road didn’t require any support from the security forces as naxal presence is negligible in the region adjacent to the road.

 

Figure 4. Sourced from google map.

 

But construction of the stretch of NH 30 from Jagdalpur to Konta (Figure 4) required and still requires security from CRPF and BSF forces. Development of Ibrahimpatnam-Jagadalpur route is under process. Rajdeep Rohan joint venture is the contract agency for this project.

 

 

The answers of the contract agency official in Schedule 1 speak a lot about the problems faced by them due to naxal activities. Contracts of roads and other buildings in such sensitive regions are given at much higher rates than the normal to the contractors as at normal rates contractors doesn’t agree to take the work. Due to naxal impediments such projects get delayed and there are huge loses to government exchequers.

 

CONCLUSION:

Tourism has a lot of scope to prosper in Bastar. It can very well be a driving force in the development of the entire region. The impediments created by naxalism can definitely be overpowered by the tool of tourism. It depends on the political will and zeal of the common mass to provide impetus to tourism that can bring economic prosperity and independence to them. The overall packaging of the region needs to be rethought so that the potential tourists feel free and fearless to visit the region. The need of the hour is to empower the local masses of Bastar to such extent that they become building blocks in the development of the region and not that of naxal movement.

 

REFERENCES:

1.     Auroubindo Ganesh and Dr. Madhavi, C. 2007. Jan-June, “Impact of Tourism on Indian Economy - A Snapshot” Journal of Contemporary Research in Management, Volume-1, No.1, 2 PP. 235-240.

2.     Ahmed, Nadeem; 2003: Charu Majumdar – The Father of Naxalism; in: Hindustan Times; March 9.

3.     Asian Centre for Human Rights (ACHR) 2006: Naxal Conflict in 2006; 7/24/2010; http://www.achrweb.org/reports/india/naxal0107.pdf

4.     Asian Centre for Human Right (ACHR) 2006 (B): The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign; 7/24/2010;

5.     Banerjee, Sumanta – India’s Simmering Revolition: The Naxalite Uprising – Zed Books – 1984.

6.     Banerjee, Sumanta; 2010: The Pathology of India’s Security Forces; in: Economic and Political Weekly; June 19.

7.     BBC 2010: Scores of Indian soldiers killed in Maoist ambushes; 7/24/2010; http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8604256.stm

8.     Chakravarti, Sudeep – Red Sun: Travels in Naxalite Country, Penguin Books India – 2008

9.     Chakravarti, Sudeep; 2010 (A): The Rebels mirror India’s failings as a Nation; 12/15/2010; http://www.boell-india.org/web/52-641.html

10.   Chakravarti, Sudeep; 2010 (B): It’s again time to question Maoist myths; 7/24/2010;

11.   Duyker, Edward – Tribal Guerrillas: The Santhals of West Bengal and the Naxalite Movement Oxford University Press – 1987

12.   Dugar, A. (2005), “Challenges and strategies – enhancing competitiveness of Indian tourism and hospitality industry”, available at: www.smfi.org/abs/gc011.doc (accessed July 2, 2008).

13.   Eco India (2008), Sustainable Tourism, available at:www.ecoindia.com/sustainable-tourism.html (accessed July 21, 2008).

14.   FICCI Study (2007), “Shortage of rooms to hit hospitality sector beyond 2011”, The Hindu Business Line, available at: www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/02/11/stories/2007021103150500.htm (accessed June 27, 2008).

15.   GOI, (2011) India Tourism Statistics 2011. Ministry of Tourism, Market Research Division New Delhi: GOI

16.   GOI, (2012) India Tourism Statistics 2012. Ministry of Tourism, Market Research Division New Delhi: GOI

17.   HVS Hospitality Services (2007), “Hotels in India – trends and opportunities”, available at: www.hvs.com/content/2024.pdf (accessed July 2, 2008).

18.   ^{Jones Lang LaSalle Hotels (2008), Asia Overview Digest 2008, available} at: www.joneslanglasallehotels.com/en- US/research/researchabstract?artid ¼ 3435 (accessed June 26,2008).

19.   Mansfeld, Y (1994) ‘The Middle East Conflict and Tourism to Israel, 1967- 90’, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp.646-667.

20.   Mustafa, M.H. (2010) ‘Tourism and Globalization in the Arab World’, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol 1, No.1, 37-48.

 

 

 

 

Received on 27.11.2019        Modified on 10.12.2019

Accepted on 20.12.2019      ©AandV Publications All right reserved