I. INTRODUCTION:

Tribals are generally called ‘Adivasis’ implying ‘original Inhabitants’ of the land. The term 'tribe' originated around the time of Greek and the early formation of the Roman Empire. A Latin term, ‘Tribus’ has since been transformed to identify a group of persons forming a community and claiming descent from a common ancestor (Fried, 1975). Tribes are the people with special attachments to land, kinship ties, unique culture, and religious beliefs, material possessions that differentiate and separate them from the mainstream.

The origin of India's indigenous people officially called Scheduled Tribe (ST) have been traced to races such as the Proto-Australoids who at one time practically covered the whole of India and the Mongolians who are located mostly in Assam and adjoining states in the northeast region. The Negrito strains are also available as indicated by frizzy hair, among the Andamanese and the Kadars of the south-west India (Memoria, 1957).

The genesis of the concept of Scheduled Areas dates back to the Scheduled Districts Act of 1874, in the British colonial period, the Scheduled Areas were retained to enable the tribals enjoy their customary rights without exploitation and to develop and protect their environments. The President of India with his special power declared some indigenous groups of our country as 'Scheduled Tribe' in 1950 under Article 342 of the constitution of India. Characteristics like the tribes’ primitive traits, distinctive culture, shyness with the public at large, geographical isolation and social and economic backwardness etc. are considered before a tribe is considered Scheduled Tribe.

II. TRIBAL POPULATION IN INDIA:

India has the second largest concentration of tribal population, after that of the African Continent. According to the 2011 Census, there are 24, 94, 54, 252 households, of which 2, 14, 67,179 households belong to ST population. Total population in the country is 1, 21, 05, 69, 573, out of these 10, 42, 81, 034 are classified as ST with 5, 24, 09, 823 males and 5, 18, 71, 211 females. The decadal growth rate of the tribal population during 2001-2011 is 23.7%, which is higher than India's total decadal growth (17.6%). The tribal population of India constitutes 8.6% of the total population of the country and the majority of them reside in the rural areas (90%). The highest proportion of tribal population resides in north-eastern states, namely; Mizoram (94.4%), Nagaland (86.5%), Meghalaya (86.1%), Arunachal Pradesh (68.8%), Manipur (35.1%), Sikkim (33.8%) and Tripura (31.8%). Apart from the north eastern states, tribal population in Lakshadweep islands comprises of 94.8%. Numerically, the highest tribal concentration is in Madhya Pradesh, which is 14.7% of the total tribal population of India. Maharashtra (10.1%) and Odisha (9.2%) together, add an additional 19.3% tribal population in the country. In contrast, lowest tribal concentration is in UT of Daman and Diu (0.01%). No ST population is recorded in Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi & Pondicherry states/UTs.

The Sex ratio among tribals in India is 990 females for 1000 males; it is higher than the national sex ratio of 943. The Sex ratio among tribals are highest in Goa (1046) and lowest in Jammu and Kashmir (924). The child sex ratio among tribals in India is 957 females for 1000 males. It is highest in Chhattisgarh (993) and lowest in Lakshadweep (907). The Literacy rate among the tribals (excluding children aged 0-6 years) are 59%; and it is 68.5% among males and 49.4% among females. The Literacy rate in tribal is lower than the national average of about 74%. There is a literacy gap of 19.1% between males and females and it is higher in rural area (19.9%) as compared to the urban areas (12.9%). The Overall literacy rate among tribal is the highest in Lakshadweep (91.7%) and the lowest is Andhra Pradesh (49.2%).

In India, there are around 705 (Census of India, 2011) STs inhabiting in 26 states and 4 union territories. Among them, 75 STs are classified as a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG), among them 25 PVTGs inhabit in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. The state wise distribution of PVTGs in India is presented in Table 2 (As per census 2001). The Bhils are the most populous tribe in India (1, 26, 89, 952) followed by the Gonds (1, 08, 59, 422), Santhals (58, 38, 016), Minas (38, 00, 002), Naikdas (33, 44, 954), Oraons (31, 42, 145), Sugalis (20, 77, 947), Mundas (19, 18, 218), Nagas (18, 20, 965) and Khonds (13, 97, 384) respectively.

Table 1: Ranking and State wise distribution of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG) of India (Census of India, 2001)

S. No	State	Population	Population wise Ranking
1	Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh	785720	1
2	Maharashtra	408668	2
3	Jharkhan	387358	3
4	Andhra Pradesh	334144	4
5	Tamil Nadu	217937	5
6	Tripura	165103	6
7	Gujarat	106775	7
8	West Bengal	85983	8
9	Rajasthan	76237	9
10	Orissa	68745	10
11	Uttaranchal	47288	11
12	Karnataka	45899	12
13	Kerala	20186	13
14	Bihar	10873	14
15	Uttar Pradesh	5365	15
16	Manipur	1225	16
17	Andaman & Nicobar Island	816	17
	Total	2768322

III. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY OF STUDY:

· To study the impact of globalization on tribal population in India.

· To study the displacement and uprisings among tribals in India.

· To analyse the role of government policies for the upliftment of tribalpopulation.

The present study is purely based on secondary sources of data. An extensive literature survey has been done. Secondary data include both quantitative and qualitative is collected from different sources, including books, Reports, research papers, newspapers, magazines, and websites is used for the purpose of study.

IV. GLOBALISATION AND TRIBAL POPULATION:

The process of economic liberalization, privatization, and globalization that was started in 1991 after the adoption of New Economic Policy (NEP) is clearly designed for the interests of the urban areas and the rich corporations of the country as well from outside. Liberalization, in simple terms, only means allowing the rich corporate to exploit country’s resources at rather easy terms unmindful of what happens to the environment and the displaced people who have historically acted at custodians of the lands and surroundings. The British exploitative policies not ended after they left India in 1947. But the West, former colonial powers, cleverly devised the strategies of Globalization and WTO agreements to gain access to natural wealth situated in the remotest corners of the world, through legal international agreements with governments. Now their giant companies can reach anywhere and grab raw materials and feed the lifestyle of the West at the local people all around the world. The truth is that the indigenous people across the globe are being alienated from their lands, natural resources and losing their traditional culture, knowledge and lifestyle. This is what happens when the money power rules the world; not the principles of human justice or equity.

In the Indian context the British colonial regime had robbed the country of its resources and had left it undeveloped and impoverished. The colonialists turned the colonies into suppliers of raw materials and capital for the industrial revolution in Europe and captive markets for its finished products that impoverished the colonies. Newly independent countries, after the World War II, that followed this path were bound to impoverish some of their own communities for the benefit of their middle class since they did not have colonies resulted from technology alone and chose precisely this path. Unfortunately, its result is seen in its impact on most tribes who live in the resource rich backward regions. Their resources have been exploited in the name of national development and people have been displaced in order to acquire land for projects. As a result, India has made economic progress but at the cost of suffering and hardships for the tribals who lived in resource rich regions. In India large-scale displacement of tribals due to land acquisition for development is a challenge (Krishna Tirat, 2011). In recent times the large scale industrialization, privatization and globalization for sake of “development” has emerged as the biggest threat to tribal’s survival. Land alienation of the tribals by the powerful entities has become common phenomena. It is most unfortunate that “the freedom to live in their own traditional ways” as guaranteed by the constitution is flouted by those who understand the constitution better. The tribals, their lands, and other resources are now exposed to the exploitative market forces, mostly due to the State and Multi-National Companies (MNCs) sponsored developmental projects to exploit minerals and other natural resources. It is the height of injustice that the tribals whose eco-friendly lifestyle preserved forest, mineral and natural resources for ages are now mercilessly uprooted by “outsiders” who would only make money from the resources for some time, creates few jobs mostly for urban middle class. If all citizens are equal under Indian constitution, why then the helpless tribals are forced to pay the price with their traditional land and lifestyle.

V. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON TRIBALS:

The globalization has left a very deep scar over growth of marginalised people from multiple perspectives. On one hand, they have been crippled by fast growth of industries; on the other hand the benefits of development have not percolated among them. Some of those crucial negativities are as follows:

Estrangement of Tribals:

Land is very important component for tribal development. It occupies their source of livelihood. But the globalization trend has alienated tribals from their mainstay. Over a period of time, the tribal communities have tended to get eroded not only through acquisition for public purpose but even fraudulent motives. The states affected by alienation of land are Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Gujarat. Various studies have pointed out that the lack of political and administrative will continues to be the cause for perpetuation of the problems of land alienation among the tribals.

Dislocation of Tribals:

Displacement of tribals from their indigenous land has been one of the significant issues in the era of globalisation. It is estimated that owing to construction of over 1500 major irrigation development projects since independence, over 16 million people were displaced from their villages, of which about 40 per cent belong to tribal population. The displacement has taken place on account of various development projects like irrigation dams, under-ground coal mines, mineral based industries in various parts of the country. Almost all major dam projects in India are intrinsically linked to world capitalism and its obsequious national stooges. Nearly 60 per cent of these large dams are located in central and western India where most of inhabitants are tribal communities. The government and the planners are aware of the eroding resource base and socio-cultural heritage of tribal population through a combination of development interventions, commercial interest, and lack of effective legal protection to tribal and the disruption of life and environment of tribal population owing to unimaginative, insensitive package of relief (Planning Commission, 1990).

Deprivation of Forest Rights:

The tribal communities being primitive, is based on forests areas for their survival. Although they live in isolation in forest areas, they are having harmonious relationship with forests and species. But the development of wildlife sanctuaries and eco-parks devastate their habitat and displace their living. During neo-colonialism, the developed countries have continued their dominance over developing countries for regulating their economy. Due to it, thelocal technology, culture and economy were delegitimized and turned into imperialism. The emergence of community forest management has led to growth of state control over their natural habitat.

Problems of Indebtedness:

The global economy has overburdened the tribals with various debts due to inadequate livelihood resources. The lack of education, purchasing power and lack of resources for engaging in gainful activity has led to indebtedness for tribal communities. The indebtedness of tribals pushes them into extreme conditions of poverty and forces them to dispense with their meagre resources. Due to neo-liberal economy, the tribal persons have been pushed into severity of indebtedness as they are unable to continue their lifestyle based on their traditional notions. Lack of sound policy to support consumption credit to tribals has tended to make them dependent on usurious money-lenders resulting in debt-bondage

Cycle of Poverty:

As far as neo-liberal development has advanced, the tribal community has been engulfed into abject poverty. During 1999-2000, the percentage of poverty has been ranging between 45.86 and 41.14. The root cause for all these is the perceived dissatisfaction with the existing conditions and failure to receive benefits and facilities promised to them. Globalization based on individualistic nature, internalises selfishness and consumerism among the primitives. The basis of globalisation is an economy pursing the highest profit at any cost. Consumerism, the use of goods based on artificially created needs, is its way of ensuring the producer’s high profit. Globalisation isalso natural resource-intensive. It results in a greater impoverishment of the majority, but the middle class gets its benefits (Walters, 2012). Due to scarcity of resources, the tribes are always out of access of enjoyment of these benefits. According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), 12 million jobs were lost during the first six years of liberalisation and later. This apparent absence of alternatives increases the sense of helplessness of the tribals who are among the worst victims of globalisation, and legitimises the consumerist society which impoverishes them. The lack of employment opportunity and recession from various industries has worsened the situation in cycle of poverty.

Extinction of Primitive tribal culture:

The ethos of globalization has not only impacted the socio-economic conditions of tribal people but their cultural status also. Globalization is nothing but a penetration of cultural life of popular or dominant sections into tribal sections through reordering of values, behaviour, institutions and identity. The transformation, already begun with colonialism and national development is getting intensified with globalisation. Each one is expected to think only of his/her own interests and ignore the damagedone to others. More and more of the limited natural, mineral and financial resources are monopolised by a few (Walters, 2012). Due to this cultural subordination, globalization has demolished entire tribal culture and tribal people feel sometimes ashamed of following their own traditions. They have been affected not only in terms of their economic condition but their socio-cultural conditions also.

VI. TRIBAL DISPLACEMENT AND UPRISING IN INDIA:

After launching of planned development programmes beginning with 1950-51, the Indian Economy witnessed undertaking of a large number of projects which may be grouped into (i) irrigation and power projects, (ii) industries projects, (iii) mining projects, (iv) forest and wildlife projects, etc. Like several other countries in the world, India also has had its share of several projects displacing people from their habitat, occupations and social organisation.

Displacement of people from traditional habitations causes much trauma to the affected people. Compulsory acquisition of land for construction of dams and roads, quarrying and mining operations, location of industries and reservation of forests for National Parks and environmental reasons forces tribal people to leave their traditional abodes and land .Over the years, governments have successfully created an illusionary perception of “development” related activities to divert attention from the forced eviction of poor tribals. Phrases like “Development Induced Displacement” have been coined to create the illusionary impression that displacement of tribals must be taken for granted whenever “development” takes place. A better and more accurate phrase would be: “Displacement inthe Name of Development”.

Nearly 85.39 lakh tribals had been displaced until 1990 on account of some mega project or the other, reservation of forests as National Parks etc. Tribals constitute at least 55.16 percent of the total displaced people in the country. Across the country tribals are realizing that the so called “development” activities and alsothe deployment of security forces to flush out naxals have a common goal: their eviction sothat the local minerals and other resources can be exploited to sustain the so-called GDP growth rate of the country. They also realize that the so-called constitutional provisions to safeguards their traditional lifestyle, culture, and identity are too flimsy to count upon. Therefore, the number of protests against compulsory acquisition of land is rising. For example, construction of manufacturing units such as Tata’s Nano car in Singur, in which 997 acres of agricultural land was acquired to set up a factory for one of the cheapest cars in Asia, (the project was subsequently shifted to Gujarat) or for developing Special Economic Zone such as in Nandigram or construction of large dams like Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada, which famously led to a cancellation of grant by World Bank due to protests under the argument that the tribal population was getting displaced underunfair conditions among other reasons such as environmental impact of the project. The effects of displacement spill over to generations in many ways, such as loss of traditional means of employment, change of environment, disrupted community life and relationships, marginalization, a profound psychological trauma and more. In the mid- 1980s, Coal India began to mechanise its mines and transfer employees to other mines instead of giving jobs to displaced persons. In one project alone, the first 5 of the 25 mines under construction in the Upper Karanpura Valley of Jharkhand are expected to displace 1, 00,000 persons, over 60% of them Dalit’s and tribals (Walters, 2012)

The scheduled tribes have been facing many socio-economic and psychological problems since historical times. The large scale land transfers to nontribal culminated in armed tribal uprisings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The forest laws since the British time have been curtailing the rights and movement of tribals in forest regions.

Land alienation of tribals and of the poor section of the society, which recently againcame to fore shortly before the UPassembly elections after the Bhatta-Parsaul incident in May, 2012 when farmers protesting over rate of compensation for their land taken for a road project in Greater Noida, clashed with the police, is a cruel reality. It also points to the wider fact that the authorities and the governments have no clear policies to safeguard the interests of those who are uprooted from their lands they are generally seen as siding with the rich class. Tribals have paid the highest price of national development because their regionsare resource rich: 90 percent of all coal and around 50 percent of the remaining minerals are in their regions. Also the forest, water and other sources abound in their habitat.

The Supreme Court on August 8 2008, allowed POSCO India Pvt Ltd, a subsidiary of Koreabased POSCO, to build its Rs 51,000-crore steel plant in Paradeep in Jagatsinghpur district of Orissa. On the same day, the Supreme Court also allowed Sterlite India Limited, a subsidiary of Britain’s Vedanta Resources Plc, to mine bauxite in Niyamgiri hills in Kalahandi district of Orissa considered sacred by Dongria Kondh tribe. The Supreme Court’s order has undermined the tribal protests and encouraged further acquisition of lands of the tribals leading to their displacement without proper rehabilitation, destruction of their culture and posing threats to their survival in the name of development. This is what happens when the money power rules the world; not the principles of human justice or equity. Orissa is extremely rich in minerals, most of which lies in the tribal districts. The hilly terrain and availability of water also makes them suitable for reservoirs and dams. The major dams taken up in Scheduled areas are the Machkund, Salandi, Balimela, Upper Kolab, Indrawati, Mandira etc. The major industrial projects taken up in scheduled areas have been the Raurkela Steel Plant, NALCO’s Alumina refinery at Damanjodi, HAL, Sunabeda. Large number of future industrial projects is under implementation or proposed in scheduled areas including the alumina refineries of UAIL in Kashipur and Vedanta at Lanjigarh. The richness of forests and wildlife has also led to increasing number of protected areas (wildlife sanctuaries and National parks) in the scheduled areas of Orissa. Such protected areas have created a major problem as the rights of all inhabitants, in and around these areas in the forest and forest land, are being extinguished, affecting their livelihoods and sometimes leading to displacements.

It is estimated that over 1.5 million people have been displaced due to development projects between 1951 and 1995, of which about 50% had been tribals. Further, less than 25% of the displaced tribals were ever resettled even partially. The casualness with which displacements of tribals have been treated is evident by the fact that out of 13 major dam projects before 1990, no data seems to be available on ST families displaced in 7 projects. Similarly out of 10 major industrial projects, no data on proportion of STs displaced is available for seven projects.

Table 2: Projects and the Displacement of Tribal People

Name of Project*	State	Population facing displacement	Tribal people as percentage of displaced
Karjan	Gujarat	11,600	100
Sardar Sarovar	Gujarat	200,000	57.6
Maheshwar	M.P.	20,000	60
Bodhghat	M.P.	12,700	73.91
Icha	Bihar	30,800	80
Chandil	Bihar	37,600	87.92
Koel Karo	Bihar	66,000	88
Mahi Bajaj Sagar	Rajasthan	38,400	76.28
Polavaram	A.P	150,000	52.90
Maithon & Panchet	Bihar	93,874	56.46
Upper Indravati	Orissa	18,500	89.20.
Pong	H.P.	80,000	56.25
Inchampalli	A.P. – Maharashtra	38,100	76.28
Tultuli	Maharashtra	13,600	51.61
Daman Ganga	Gujarat	8,700	48.70
Bhakra	H.P.	36,000	34.76
Masan Reservoir	Bihar	3,700	31.00
Ukai Reservoir	Gujarat	52,000	18.92

Source: Satyajit Singh, Taming the Waters, OUP, 1997, and Government figures.

VII. POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES FOR TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA:

The policies for the tribal development may be classified into the following heads: the policy of isolation, the policy of assimilation and the policy of integration. The policy of isolation, popularized by Dr. Verrier he argued to protect the aborigines by completely isolating them from the rest of India. The tribal people also continued to rise in rebellions for a longer period for asserting their rights to self-governance particularly in relation to their rights over land and forests. The British declared some of the tribal areas as “excluded” and some as “partially excluded”. This policy was adopted by British rulers in the pre-independence period and even after independence this policy was continued for some time. Nationalist politicians and social workers like A.V. Thakkar advocated assimilation policy, G.S. Ghurey is also a protagonist of this policy and whose main objective is a constant assimilation of tribals and a result of constant contact of the tribals with the rest of the Indian population and the efforts of social reforms towards development. The Government of India came to the stand that the tribal population cannot be left to lag behind and get further not isolated, nor can the natural resources in tribal areas be underutilized. For all problems, integration of tribes into the national mainstream is considered to be the solution.

Keeping in view the various policies advocated by different organizations, distinguished personalities and constitutional safeguards, the government of India has formulated different strategies for the tribal development in India during the post-independence period. The government has appointed committees, task Forces and working groups to help in the formulation of strategies for tribal development from time to time. The reports given by experts like Renuka Ray (on development of backward areas), U. N. Dhebar on (scheduled areas) can be termed as classics. Such is the comprehensiveness of these reports that later committees and experts mostly repeated their suggestions for the amelioration of the problems faced by tribals (Misal, 2016). Conclusively, the tribal development policies are aimed to protect and initiate the all-round development of tribes to stay in the society by mingling with others. The tribal have been given special attention for their upliftment by special designed policies, plan-wise allocations, sub-plan wise allocation, forest policy and Nehru’s Panchasheel etc.

A. Constitutional Safeguards For Tribals:

In pursuance of the policy of integration, several provisions were made in the Indian constitution which is as under:

1. Article 244:

provides for administration of Scheduled Areas in accordance with the Schedule-V of the Constitution and the administration of Tribal Areas. the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution, which embodies a paternalistic interface between the tribal, and the Sixth Schedule whose provisions epitomize devolution of authority in certain spheres for autonomy and self-governance

2. Articles 5, 16, 46, 244, 275, 330, 332, 334, 335, and 342:

of Indian Constitution provided specific provisions for the advancement of Scheduled Tribes. There are reservations in educational institutions, services, political bodies, special relaxations in age, qualifications etc. Further, the provisions allowed for the necessary funds for Tribal Development Programmes.

3. Article 338:

of the Constitution provides for instituting a Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The objective of appointing the Commissioner is to report on the administration of tribal areas in general and the provision of educational and medical facilities, and communications in such regions in particular.

4. Article 339:

of the Constitution, the Government of India has set-up the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission. The report was submitted by the Commission in 1960-61, further specified the policies to be followed towards Scheduled Tribes. The report suggested the following criteria for declaring any area as a Scheduled Area: Preponderance of tribals in the population, Compact areas with reasonable size and marked disparity in the living standards of the people. The Commission suggested that the tribals should be assured that their rights over in the land are safe, and that the Government and society are there to protect them. The report also suggested that, the tribals should be made to realize that change and is indispensable without which development is possible, and that development is intended to secure for him, and his family greater opportunities of life along with the rest of the people in the country, of which he is an inseparable part.

B. Nehru’s Tribal Panchasheel Policy:

Nehru’s initial idea of the integration of the tribal communities with the rest of the Indian population was clearly expressed in his preface written to Verrier Elwin’s book philosophy for North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA). The tenets of his social philosophy such as, gradualism and passive interference of the states were explicit in his policy of integration of the Indian tribes. In addition to these, he forwarded a five-point programme for the very purpose of integration of the tribes with the rest of the Indian society:

1. People should develop along the lines of their own genius and imposing of anything on them should be avoided.

2. Traditional arts and culture of tribals should be encouraged.

3. Tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.

4. A team of their own people should be building up and trained to do the work of administration and development.

5. The index of tribal development should be the quality of their life and not the money spent.

The Government of India formed a Ministry of Tribal Affairs for the first time in 1999 to accelerate tribal development. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is now coming out with the draft National Policy on Tribals. Based on the feedback from tribal leaders, the concerned States, individuals, organisations in the public and the private sectors, and NGOs, the Ministry will finalise the policy.

C. Rehabilitation Package For Displaced Tribals:

The National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy (2007) recognises that a majority of Scheduled Tribes continue to live below the poverty line, have poor literacy rates, suffer from malnutrition and disease and are vulnerable to displacement. It also acknowledges that Scheduled Tribes in general are repositories of indigenous knowledge and wisdom in certain aspects. The National Policy aims at addressing each of these problems in a concrete way. It lists out measures to be taken to preserve and promote tribals’ cultural heritage. The National Policy, therefore, mandates that the following guidelines be followed when tribals are resettled:

· When displacement becomes inevitable, each scheduled tribe family having land in the earlier settlement shall be given land against land. A minimum of two hectares of cultivable land is considered necessary and viable for a family (comprising man, his wife and unmarried children).

· Tribal families having fishing rights in their original habitat shall be granted fishing rights in the new reservoir or at any other alternative place.

· Reservation benefits enjoyed at the original settlement shall be continued at the resettlement area.

· Additional financial assistance equivalent to nearly one and a half year’s minimum agricultural wages for loss of customary rights.

· Tribals are to be resettled close to their natural habitat by treating all the people so displaced as one group to let them retain their ethnic, linguistic and socio-cultural identity and the network of kinship and mutual obligations.

· Free land is to be provided for social and religious congregations.

· If resettlement is possible only away from the district/taluka, then substantively higher benefits in monetary terms shall be given.

· When tribal families are resettled all basic minimum amenities shall be provided at the new sites. They include roads and passages, electricity, drainage and sanitation, safe drinking water, educational and health care facilities, fair price shops, a community hall and a Panchayat Office.

In order to ensure fair compensation and timely and proper rehabilitation of displaced tribal people across the country, adequate provisions in the “Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act, 2013” have been made. As per section 41 of the Act, as far as possible, no land is to be acquired in the Scheduled Area. In case acquisition or alienation of any land in the Scheduled Areas, prior consent of Gram Sabha or the Panchayats or the Autonomous District Councils, as the case may be, is required to be obtained. The Act also lays down procedure and manner of rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) wherein R&R is an integral part of the land acquisition plan itself. As per the provisions of Section 48 of the RFCTLARR Act, 2013, a national Monitoring Committee is to be set up for reviewing and monitoring the implementation of Rehabilitation and Resettlement Schemes, looking into issues related to displacement of people, payment of compensation, rehabilitation and resettlement, and the status of land acquisition.

D. Some other major strategies for the rehabilitation of tribals:

1. Land for all agricultural families

2. Special Employment Guarantee Programme.

3. Special Panchayat status.

4. Homesteads and dwelling houses.

5. Training and other support services.

6. Rehabilitation grant to compensate loss of income/livelihood.

7. Basic amenities infrastructural facilities for resettlement.

VIII. CONCLUSION:

Globalization has created a great rift between the mainstream population and marginalized section. On one hand, the multinational companies are increasing their access to tribal land; on the other hand, indigenous tribal communities are getting evicted from their basic rights which lead to their continued poverty. Many of these tribal people are forced to gain status of wandering unemployed workers. If land and other natural resources that belong to the tribal communities are acquired for industrial use or lost to development projects, the people who depend upon such resources become the direct and immediate victims of these projects.Technological development that minimizes the employment of human labour and puts a strain on natural resources does not serve the interests of the poor and marginalized sectors of the population. This situation needs to be regulated and controlled to bestow the benefits of development on the poor and marginalized tribals. Their attachment to their land and homes, community assets and local resources form a natural bond and strengthens their social capital base and allows them to help one another during unforeseen crises and disasters. The various Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) policies at the National and State level are expected to safeguard the interests of the displaced persons but at the ground level they are not practiced in the proper way. Repeated displacement, migration and drastic changes in livelihood patterns have socially and culturally degraded the status of the indigenous people, increasing violence and abuse against them.

IX. REFERENCES:

1. Bose A (1990). Introduction in Demography of Tribal Development, edited by A Bose, UP Sinha, RPTyagi, B R Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, India

2. Census of India (2001). Office of the Registrar General and Census Operation, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi, India.

3. Census of India (2011). Office of the Registrar General and Census Operation, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi, India.

4. Draft National Development Displacement and Rehabilitation Policy (2007). Retrieved fromhttp://www.prsindia.org/uploads /media/Rehabilitation%20and%20Resettlement/bill168_20080312168

5. Elvin, V., (1959), philosophy for NEFA, Forwarded by the prime minster of India (second revised addition), Shilling: North East Frontier Agency.

6. Fried, M., (1975). The Notion of tribe, CA: Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park.

7. Krishna, T., (2011), Women and Child Development Minister,

8. http://socialissuesindia.wordpress.com/

9. Misal M., (2016) Tribal Development Policies In India - An Overview, International Journal of Humanity and Social Sciences,5 (1) p-81-83.

10. Memoria, C.B., (1957). Tribal Demography in India, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad, India

11. Planning Commission (1990), A Report on Scheduled Tribes. Retrieved from

12. http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/

13. Walter. F., (2012): Challenges to Tribal Culture in the Context of Globalization. Retrieved from www.holycrossjustice.org/pdf/ Asia/IndiasSocialChallenges/

Received on 25.02.2019 Modified on 16.03.2019

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(3):757-764.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00124.4