INTRODUCTION:

Binjhwar is a tribal group which is founded in forest area of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Binjhwar tribe has unique culture and cultural traits like art, native knowledge, ethno medicine, etc. like founded in other tribal group. Binjhwar tribe has their own specific social-cultural structure. Binjhwar tribe’s culture and society are affected and changed because of industrialization, westernization, urbanization etc. Binjhwar tribe saves their many cultural traits. Present study tried to show the concept of origin of Binjhwar, their social-cultural structure, their political organization and their function, etc. on the base of collecting primary data from fieldwork. Every caste and tribal community have four necessary dimensions for their survival that are economic, socio-cultural, educational (formal and informal) and political. Binjhwar tribe has also above four dimensions in their system, but they followed lots of customary and traditional law for these.

STUDY AREA AND USED METHODS AND TECHNIQUES:

Binjhwar:

On the basis of life style of Binjhwar tribe we can say Binjhwar tribal cultures and civilization has both taste that are traditional and modern taste. In present era effect of modernization are shown in the whole dimension of their culture, civilization and another dimension. In the present study, whole Binjhwar respondents are divided in two groups, the first groupof older person of Binjhwar which have lots of knowledge about Binjhwar folk-lore, ancient culture elements, origin related tales, etc. and the alive their culture on the basis of the above things and another group is a group of younger Binjhwar, those are effected with the process of modernization and the slowly gone away from their traditional customs.

STUDY AREA AND MTHODS:

Present research work was conducted in the Kalidarha village of basna block, Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh state. This study was totally based on qualitative methods and their technique like Interview, Case study, Focus group discussion.

POLITICAL SYSTEM OF BINJHWAR TRIBE: Every society needs same norms and values for survival of society and other side society need some political institutions for monitoring these rules, value and norms. In tribal communities there are lots of changes in tribal communities because of modernization hence they still follow traditional Panchayat with some changes.

Binjhwar tribe has some strong social rules for the community. Present research tried to show some base and related changes of the binjhwar political system. Primary unit is family of the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat. Same clan makes a family and family make community and same rules called tradition Panchayat rules. Binjhwar community has similarities about their member, laws and other related elements. Follows:

Member of traditional Panchayat:

Generally seven members are in the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat, First criteria for a member of traditional Panchayat is that he is member of Binjhwar. Head of traditional Panchayat follows a dominantly rule, he attends all meeting of traditional Panchayat.

(A)King or Chairman:

The chairman or Raja is the most important person or member of the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat. Highly qualified and experience man selected as leader. The leader called raja. Some criteria for a leader are his age, experience, knowledge about their customs, social laws any social rules and social understanding. Leader or kings dictions are the top priority of Binjhwar attended all meetings of Binjhwar traditional Panchayat, if some sensitive reason king is not available or not comes then sub-secretary attended meeting.

(B) Co-Chairman:

Co-chairman is second biggest post of the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat. Chairman takes some suggestions from co-chairperson. So, co-chairperson is working as a counselor of co-chairperson that’s why co-chairperson is also a respectful post of the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat.

(C)Secretary:

The post of Secretary is also important in the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat. Educational qualification is important criteria for the Secretary because the Secretary did all documentation related work and account works

(D)Co- Secretary:

Co-Secretary is a counselor and helper of Secretary. Co-Secretary has also worked as Secretary like co-chairman work as chairman at the absence of the chairman. Co-Secretary can done all documentation and the account work at the absence of the Co - Secretary. So educational qualification is also a major criterion for selection of Co-Secretary.

(E) Treasure:

Economic status is important criteria for treasure. Education qualification is also a measurement for this post.

(F) Mantri:

Selection of ministry by member of Binjhwar traditional Panchayat. Experience is important criteria for mantra selection or in other word we can say educated person is first priority for mantra selection. Because old persons of the community have more experience, that’s why they are in first priority for Mantri post. Mantries suggestions are very important for Panchayat process.

(G) Peon:

Peon post is the lowest but important post of the Binjhwar Traditional Panchayat. Extrovert personality is important criteria for this post. Peon busy with all activities and help all members of the Binjhwar Traditional Panchayat.

Meeting and its process of Binjhwar Tribe:

Binjhwar tribe has three types of meeting. Two meetings are confirmed and one is not conformed. Binjhwar tribe conducting worship of Budaraja and Bindwasili Mata before the traditional political meeting. Because Binjhwar tribe give importance of religious values in political decisions, that are general characteristics of the political system in tribal communities. Binjhwar believes if they don’t conduct worship before political meeting their decisions could be wrong. So, these concepts show two thoughts:

1. According to member of a Binjhwar traditional Panchayat there is strongly impacted of god and goddess in their decisions. Another side, they told their (local governance) decisions is god or goddess decisions. This statement shows basic characteristic of tribal traditional Panchayat.

2. Second sides Binjhwar tribe have dominantly a concept about functional part of religion in their life.

1. Annual Meeting:

One annual meeting is compulsory in the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat. This meeting happened in Binjhwar traditional garh or circle. In this meeting, all members of the Binjhwar tribe in particular circle have joined necessarily. This Binjhwar meeting is a necessary meeting of the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat. Generally, annual meeting of Binjhwar in conduct after crop cutting, but meeting date was fixed on crop growing time and place after a date and time have decided, peon of Panchayat circulate the date and time information to members of traditional Panchayat and other Binjhwar traditional Panchayat member and general peoples. On meeting day all Binjhwar people make a circle and all members and bodies of Binjhwar traditional Panchayat sit in center of circle. After that all members of Binjhwar traditional Panchayat and other worship bindwasilimata and budharaja with allowancing jai of their god and goddess and after that they started their meeting. Priority of the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat is general complain of Binjhwar, individual complains and criminal cases of social laws and rules. And lastly discussion about collecting money from the community.

Minister of Binjhwar traditional Panchayat reads all complains careful and systematic in the front of the chairman. Chairman listen all debates of both parties and after this debate chairman of Binjhwar traditional Panchayat give their decision on the spot and punishment to criminal. Generally form of punishment is social related in Binjhwar not in a physical way like society restigated, economic punishment, etc. organized a food, ceremony for their community is general or common punishment for crime and his family. After the decision of criminal cases Binjhwar traditional Panchayat consider general issues and also tried to solve the problems. Scerety documented all things about meeting specially those cases that have longe.

Money expended in this meeting for local meeting and block level meetings that are collected from every family and credit all the money in social fund of Binjhwar. This money is not expended for meeting only, but this collected money is also used as longto provide Binjhwar member and interest rate is decided by the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat. Member of Binjhwar submits their loan with interest in meeting or out of the meeting also. All these things are documented by the secretary.

2. Five years Meeting:

This meeting is also necessary and compulsory like annual meeting. This meeting is conducted every five years. This meeting is organized with five Garh. Every chairman has compulsory to attend this meeting, but if any chairman has absent because of some sensitive problem in this condition five year meeting also will conduct. This five year meeting is the largest meeting of the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat. If Binjhwar member or member of a Binjhwar traditional Panchayat wants to change some rules and regulation, they can change during this meeting. Depth review is a very necessary condition for changing any rules. This meeting is also known largest meeting of the Binjhwar traditional Panchaya. If any male or female Binjhwar member wants to marry some Binjhwar male or female, then they can put their opinion at the front of Binjhwar traditional Panchayat and this five year meeting has capacity until they can organized marriage at this meeting.

3. Sudden Meeting:

This kind of meeting not fixed. These kinds of meeting conduct when any Binjhwar member faced some sudden problem. Maximize individual and family problem are major issues in this meeting like device between husband and wife, domestic violence, violence on child, etc. This above case could be the reason for sudden meeting. e process of this meeting is that, Victim provide information to peon of Binjhwar traditional Panchayat and peon give information to the chairman or king. King suggests peon to bring a meeting of Binjhwar traditional Panchayat than peon give information to all member traditional Panchayat like a secretary, co-secretary, jury member, etc. and also give information to victims and opposite party of the meeting day. King hears all matters of both parties and also king tried to solve problems and compromise between both groups. If the problem is not short out than these problem transfer of annual meeting and Binjhwar traditional Panchayat suggests both group reform him or herself. In this meeting any Binjhwar person included that are directly/indirectly involve in this case. Generally Binjhwar tribe wishes this kind of meeting is not happen sudden meeting:

Some laws of traditional panchayat of binjwar tribe:

Birth Ceremony:

a. Birth ceremony and related customs like food, ceremony, worship customs etc

b. That is necessary, they conduct naming ceremony in six days called “chhatti”. If first child in a family that is necessary process or compulsory but this is not compulsory for second-third child.

c. The father takes all educational and other responsibilities to father if the father has not donetheir responsibility, in the case he was punished by the Binjhwar traditional Panchayat.

Marriage ceremony and related laws:

(a) Same clan marriage is acceptable in Binjhwar, if somebody to they got punished by Binjhwar traditional Panchayat and remove the particularly family from the village.

(b) Binjhwar tribe have two rules for love, marriage like if somebody done their marriage and both are member of Binjhwar community, but they have different clan than they punished by some economical punishment or conduct a food ceremony for community and after that ceremony they will a member of Binjhwar tribe again.

(c) Other condition if one member of the couple is Binjhwar and the second is not than Panchayat rusticated couples from Binjhwar community are no option for renters in the Binjhwar community for a lifetime, If family member support the couples or this kind of marriage than Binjhwar traditional Panchayat declare that family as death family for society and they did not come join again a family of village.

(d) If after marriage one person of the marriage couple breaks his or her marriage break than the pair known as broken pair and the remain member man or woman conduct remarried at the age of 30-32 year, Traditionally Panchayat give permission for remarriage in this condition.

(e) If, one member dead of married couple than remain member can remarry traditional Panchayat give suggestion to their mother and father for remarriage and traditional Panchayat help for remarriage in economy and culture.

(f) If, one member is dead of the couple and if couple have a child or children than child goes to mother side or father's side both without any process.

(g) If, married couple have not children than traditional Panchayat allowed to adopt children for complete their family.

(h) If a married couple has some family problem than they can support with their permission.

(i) If some member of Bijhwar conduct takes away girl without permission of parents in because of their affair than he punished by economically and he banned from marriage for a lifetime.

(j) Tattoo making is very important and necessary process for Binjhwar women. If they do not have tattoos than no any Binjhwar marriage with her and also she is not identified as a binjhwar member. Before marriage they make a tattoo in her leg portion and tattoo calle “Kotul Kera” And they compare this tattoo with parry means Payal (an ornament of leg). And another part of the body, they make flower, branches of flower, etc. They sing a song called “Kotul Kera” song at the time of “Kotul Kera” tattoo formation. So “Kotul Kera” tattoo a sign of marriage age. When any girl makes this than she is ready for marriage.

(k) They still follow cross-cousin marriage also.

Customs and rules related to kinship:

(a) There is avoidance kinship systems between elder brothers-in-law have necessary and daughter in law to use the cloth Pallu Daakna front of son in law.

(b) If the elder brother in law in any condition or by mistake she want to give a coconut to son in law and admit her mistake.

(c) There is a tradition, mothers brother called mama have necessary to evidence his sister, daughter (banji) and washed banji’s leg with water or milk.

(d) If a mama touch banji by his leg by mistake than mama want to give coconut to bhanji and say sorry to bhanji.

Death ceremony:

1. Elder boy conducts all activities in death ceremony, but if any family have not an Elder boy or no boy than their cousin can also conduct the death ceremony.

2. If an elder child is not reached at a death ceremony without any reason than Binjhwar traditional Panchayat punished son and restigate the boy from binjhwaer community

Customs and ceremony of religion:

1. There are dominant taboos for women. Binjhwar women can’t go or touch any religious elements during the menstrual cycle.

2. Binjhwar women have a necessary to wear Barta (a trational ornaments), According to Binjhwar tribe production of grains, property is depended on Barta.

3. Animal sacrifice is not important in Binjhwar.

Changes in Binjhwar community:

In present era every community has some direct-indirect changes by various government programs. Development program and political system have some similarities both put strong effect of the whole dimension of lifestyle like economic, social-cultural etc. Binjhwar community has also lots of socioeconomic problems. So the government tried to provide some development programs for solving this problem. This program still tried to simulized tribal community with a modern community. But these programs are not so impactful in Binjhwar community. Some major program follows:

1. Rojgar garentee yojna:

Rojgar guarantee yojna helps economic growth of Binjhwar tribe, but not so well because according to these yojna every family have 100 days work and immediately Panchayat to workers, but the Binjhwar face problem on both sides working days and payment receiving. Binjhwar families got only 2 to 3 week work and got payment after 2-3 month after work.

2. Virdhdha Pension Plan:

This plan is also run for all villages. But there are some problem with the plan. According to Binjhwar tribe they have information about this plan, but they did not get pension money regularly. Generally they got their pension in 2-3 month interval. Whole beneficiaries face this problem.

3. Rashan Card Yojna:

These plans are very useful to make a strong economic of the village. In these plans every nuclear family gets 30 kilogram rice, 1-5 liter Caroline and 2 kilogram pulses. The nuclear families are the basis of Ration Card. Nuclear families are decided by per chulha. So, if two chulha. In one home or family than the family known as two families and both families got ration card. Whole families of the village take benefits of this plan.

CONCLUSION:

A Binjhwar tribe of shishupal area is in transmission traditionally to modernize. They dominantly survive with their culture and customs. The Binjhwar traditional political systemis effected from the modern Panchayat system, but they sstrivtilty follow their socio-cultural aspects like religious taboo, marriage related taboos, etc. According to present study on Binjhwar tribe effected with Hinduism and related customs in some dimensions.

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Received on 25.02.2019 Modified on 19.03.2019

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(2):704-708.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00116.5