I. INTRODUCTION:

Being a large country with large population. It is the land of many languages, it is only in India people professes all the major religions of the world. In short, India is “the epitome of the world”. According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practice Hinduism, Islam (14.2%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%) and Jainism (0.4%) are the other major religions followed by the people of India.

The survey, conducted by ministry of labour and Employment (2016) results shows that at the All India levels, about 40.4 per cent of the households belong to the Other Backward Classes category followed by 29.9 per cent under the others category, 20.3 per cent under the Scheduled Castes category and the rest 9.4 per cent households belong to the Scheduled Tribes category.

At the All India level, 46.6 per cent of the workers were found to be self employed under the Usual Principal Status Approach followed by 32.8 per cent as casual labour. Only 17 per cent of the employed persons were wage/salary earners and the rest 3.7 per cent was contract workers. (UPS approach: if a person has engaged in any economic activity for a period of 30 days or more during the preceding 365 days a person is considered as employed under this approach).

Table 1 Comparison of population by religion

Religion wise
Religion	2011		2001
Hindu	79.80 %	96.62 Crores	80.5%	827,578,868
Muslim	14.23 %	17.22 Crores	13.4%	138,188,240
Christian	2.30 %	2.78 Crores	2.3%	24,080,016
Sikh	1.72 %	2.08 Crores	1.9%	19,215,730
Buddhist	0.70 %	84.43 Lakhs	0.8%	7,955,207
Jain	0.37 %	44.52 Lakhs	0.4%	4,225,053

Source: Census Report 2001,2011

Table 2 Religion wise Hyderabad Population (2011)

Religion	Total
Hindus	20,46,051
Muslim	17,13,405
Christians	87,522
Sikhs	11,446
Jains	19,560
Budhists	1,268
Caste
Scheduled Caste	2,47,927
Schedule Tribes	48,937

Source: Telangana state statistical year book 2017

It is clear from the data that the Muslim population in Hyderabad is 17,13,405. The Hindus population is 20,46,051, Schedule caste 2laks and Schedule Tribes 48,937.

Table 3: Percentage of Caste Population in Telugu speaking states

Caste (%)	Telangana	AP
BCs	51	45
SCs	17	10
STs	10	5
Upper Caste	22	38

Source: Times of India, 2019

In Hyderabad district out of the total population, 1,413,297 were engaged in work activities. 77.6% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 22.4% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 1,413,297 workers engaged in Main Work, 14,693 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 16,751 were Agricultural labourer (TSSYB,2017). As per the information of Ministry of Information and Public Relations (2016), there were 1823 (Print and Electronic, independent, online), accredited journalists in Hyderabad. Among this figure electronic media journalists were 678 members.

Table 4: Estimated percent of upper castes in Telugu states

Caste	Percentage (%)
Brahmins	3
Vysya	3
Kshatriya	1.5
Kamma	5
Reddy	7
Kapu	15
Velama	3

Source: Times of India, 2019

The Brahmins, comprising 3% of the population and ritually placed at the top of the caste pyramid, have historically dominated social, cultural and economic life.

The Reddy's and Kamma's, comprising 7% and 5% of the State’s population respectively, are the two politically dominant communities. Although the Reddys are distributed throughout the State, they are dominant in the Telangana and Rayalaseema regions. The Kammas, on the other hand, are traditionally dominant in the coastal districts of Krishna, Guntur and Prakasham; their presence in other regions is marginal. The Scheduled Castes (SCs), constituting approximately 17% in Telangana and 10% in Andhra Pradesh, form a major social constituency. The two most numerous sub-castes among them are the Malas and Madigas. While the former are preponderant in the coastal region, the latter are dominant in Telangana. Muslims, who constitute under 14 % of the State’s population, have spread between BC and OC categories, While in AP minorities population is 10% in the OC category. The Other Backward Castes (OBCs), comprising 51% in Telangana,45% in AP constitute a very large proportion of the State’s population (K. Srinivasulu, 2002).

II. RESEARCH METHOD-SURVEY:

A structured administered questionnaire was designed to get the information from the respondents of the study.The respondents belonging to 16 news channels of Hyderabad. The Sample size was 202.

III. RESEARCH FINDINGS:

Table 5: Religious distribution of respondents

Religion	(n=202)	Percent
Hindu	176	87.1
Muslim	16	7.9
Christian	8	4.0
Others	2*	1.0
Total	202	100

*Declined to reveal caste

The majority of respondents were the Hindu (87.1%) followed by the Muslims (7.9%) and the Christians (4%). This reflects the trend of the population. Similar religious trend revealed by 2005 study on journalists that eighty four per cent of the respondents (vernacular and english lanuage) were Hindus, followed by Muslims 8.4 per cent. Among the vernacular language journalists, 89 per cent are Hindus as against 67 per cent among vernacular language journalists. Christians constitute 11 per cent among English language journalists as against 8.7 Muslims.

Table 5: Caste-wise distribution of respondents

Caste	(n=202)	Percent
OC	80	39.6
BC	112	55.4
Sc	2	1.0
ST	6	3.0
Others	2*	1.0

*Declined to reveal caste

In the present study, a large majority (55.4%) of respondents were from back ward Caste followed by forward Castes (Other Castes) (39.1%), Scheduled Tribes (3%) and Scheduled Castes (1%) (Table 5). One percent of respondents declined to reveal their Caste. A Study conducted in 2005 reveals that there were veiy few journalists from socially backward sections, as over seventy per cent of the respondents (combined) belong to open category, compared to 23.5 per cent from backward community. Respondents from scheduled caste and tribe communities constitute less than three per cent Among English language journalists, over 80 per cent are from open category as against 63 per cent among vernacular newspapers. No SC and ST are represented among English language journalists (V. Sathi Reddy,2005).

Table 6: Age of respondents by Caste wise (n=202)

Age Group	OC	BC	SC	ST	Others
21-25	7 (3.4)	4(1.9)	0	0	0
26-30	16(7.9)	37(18.3)	0	0	0
31-35	22(10.8)	25(12.3)	1 (0.4)	5(2.47)	0
36-40	15(7.4)	25(12.3)	1(0.4)	0	0
41-45	12(5.9)	18(8.9)	0	1(0.4)	2*(0.9)
46-50	3(1.5)	3(1.5)	0	0	0
51-55	3(1.5)	0	0	0	0
56-60	2(0.9)	0	0	0	0

*Declined to reveal caste

Table 6 shows that higher percent of all Caste fall under the category of 31-45 age group. The majority (18.3 percent) of BC journalists found in the age group of 26-30) The least percent represented above 46 years of age. Only forward Caste journalists (2.4 percent) were found above 51 years of age. The median age of the respondents is 33 years, similar to the findings by previous researchers. More than half of the respondents are under 35 years of age, which means, journalism continues be a young profession (V. Sathi Reddy 2005).

Table 7: Marital status of respondents by Caste wise(n=202)

Caste	Married	Un married
OC	57(28.2)	23(11.3)
BC	81(40)	31(15.3)
SC	2(0.9)	0
ST	6(2.9)	0
Others	2*(0.9)	0

*Declined to reveal caste

The majority of OBC (Other Backward Caste) were found be married, followed by forward caste (28.2 percent). There were no unmarried SC, ST's (Table 7). Among the respondents, over 80 per cent of the respondents are married (V. Sathi Reddy 2005). A Study in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh on print media journalists' reveal that majority of the journalists blonging to Forward Caste (41%), followed by Backward Caste (33%), 23 percent from Scheduled Caste and only percent from Scheduled Tribes (Madhu 2018).

Table 8: Spouse working status by Caste wise(n=202)

Caste	Unmarried	Private	Government employee	Home maker
OC	23 (11.3)	15(7.4)	2(0.9)	40(19.8)
BC	31(15.3)	21(10.3)	4(1.9)	56(27.7)
SC	0	2(0.9)	0	0
ST	0	5(2.4)	0	1(0.4)
Others	0	2*(0.9)	0	0

*Declined to reveal caste

Only 0.9 percent of forward caste, and 1.9 percent of backward caste, journalist's spouses were found to be having Government jobs (Table 8). Thirteen per cent of respondents’ (combined) spouse work in government (V. Sathi Reddy ,2005).

Table 9: Employment status of the respondents by caste wise

Caste	Permanent	Contractual	Temporary	Freelance
OC	54(26.7)	8(3.9)	18(8.9)	0
BC	88(43.5)	11(5.4)	9(4.4)	4(1.9)
SC	1(0.4)	0	1(0.4)	0
ST	3(1.4)	0	3(1.4)	0
Others	0	0	2*(0.9)	0

*Declined to reveal caste

The Majority of backward ward caste (88%) having permanent employment, followed by forward caste (54%). Only four percent of BC's having job on freelance. A 2005 study reveals that among the respondents (vernacular and English language) only 24 per cent were on contractual employment. Between the two language groups, 40 per cent of the English language journalists were under contract system against 20 per cent in the case of vernacular journalists (V. Sathi Reddy, 2005).

The data shows that half percent of farward cast and BCs where as SCs (0.4%), STs (0.9%) involved in desk related job. The majority of respondents were working as a Sub editor (Table 10). Sixty six per cent of the respondents (combined) were involved in desk followed reporters (V. Sathi Reddy,2005).

Table 11: Monthly income level of respondents by Caste wise(n=202)

Monthly Income	OC	BCs	SCs	STs	Others
Below 10000	4(1.9)	2(0.9)	0	2(0.9)	0
10001-20000	20(9.9)	37(18.3)	0	0	0
20001-30000	31(15.3)	54(26.7)	0	2(0.9)	2 (0.9)
30001-40000	16(7.2)	9(4.4)	0	1(0.4)	0
40001-50000	5(2.4)	8(3.9)	2(0.9)	1(0.4)	0
50001-60000	3(1.4)	2(0.9)	0	0	0
60001-70000	1(0.4)	0	0	0	0

*Declined to reveal caste

The majority of forward cast (34%), BC's (56%) were in the income category of Rs.20001-40000 respectively. Only 1.9 percent of forward caste,0.9 percent of BC's, 0.9 percent of ST's were getting below Rs.10000. Only one person (0.4%) in the forward Caste was getting above Rs.60000. Only 0.9 percent of SC category were getting Rs.40001-Rs.50000 salary (Table 11). The median salary of the respondents (combined) of 2005 survey was rupees 7,500 per month. About 87 per cent of these journalists get monthly salary below

15,000 (V. Sathi Reddy 2005).

Table 12: No. of Family member dependents on respondents by Caste wise (n=202)

Caste	No. of dependents
Caste	One (%)	Two (%)	Three (%)	Four (%)	More than four (%)
OC	13 (6.4)	27 (13.3)	25 (12.3)	11 (5.4)	4 (1.9)
BC	15 (7.4)	36 (17.8)	33 (16.3)	23 (11.3)	5 (2.4)
SC	0	2 (0.9)	0	0	0
ST	0	3 (1.4)	3 (1.4)	0	0
Others	0	0	0	2*(0.9)	0

*Declined to reveal caste

The Backward class community (2.4%) and forward class community (1.9%) has more than four dependents. Here dependents means respondent's father, mother and children (Table 12)

Table 13: Opinion of the respondents on leaving journalism before superannuation (Caste wise) (n=202)

Caste	Leave Profession (%)	Stay in the Profession (%)	No opinion (%)
OC	35(17.3)	22(10.8)	23(11.3)
BC	52(25.7)	27(13.3)	33(16.3)
SC	2(0.9)	0	0
ST	2(0.9)	2(0.9)	2(0.9)
Others	2*(0.9)	0	0

*Declined to reveal caste

Around 25.7 percent of BCs' 17.3 percent of OC's will leave the profession before super annuation. Earlier study of journalists in 2005 revealed that a majority of journalists were willing to continue i.e. 84.7 per cent as against 14.8 per cent preferring to leave. Between language groups, more vernacular journalists wish to continue in journalism i.e. 86.5 per cent compared to 78. 3 per cent of English language journalists. Those who are planning to leave journalism included 19.6 percent among English language journalists as against 13.5 per cent vernacular journalists. This reflects the deteriorating working conditions of journalists.

Table 14: Total years of experience in Television journalism among the respondents

Years of Experience	Caste				others
Years of Experience	OC	BC	SC	ST
0-5years	25(12.3)	26(12.8)	0	0	2(0.9)*
06-10years	28(13.8)	67(33.1)	1(0.4)	5(2.4)
11-15 years	22(10.8)	13(6.4)	1(0.4)	0
16-20 years	5(2.4)	4(1.9)	0	1(0.4)
20-25 years	0	2(0.9)	0	0

*Declined to reveal caste

Table 14 shows that 33.1 percent of OBC's having 6-10 years of experience where as 13.8 percent OC's having 6-10 years of experience in electronic media and only 0.9 percent OBC's possess above 20 years experience. It is significant that 0.4 percent of ST's possess 16-20 years of experience in News channel. Median experience of the respondents (Vernacular and English media) is eight years. Twenty nine per cent of respondents (Vernacular and English media) have experience of six to 10 years and half of them has below ten years experience (V. Sathi Reddy, 2005).

CONCLUSION:

Religion returns in the Indian census provide a wonderful kaleidoscope of the country's rich social composition, as many religions have originated in the country and few religions of foreign origin have also flourished here. The representation of communities in the media was not proportionate to the their population. There is no evidence that television news channels/media had cast criteria for recruitment for their personnel. There is no change in social economic status of journalists from previous study (2005) to present study (2018). The number news channels and media organization's numbers increased and job opportunities also created, but unable to improve working conditions of the journalists.

REFERENCES:

1. Information and Public Relations, Government of Telangana accessed to http://ipr.tg.nic.in/

2. K. Srinivasulu (2002), Caste, Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh: Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories, Osmania University

3. Madhu babu and Manjunath (2018), Job and Salary Satisfaction of Telugu Print Media journalists, International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, Vol.4. No.6

4. Mahesh K, Akbar S (2019), Upper Caste quota? Telangana and Andhra already running Brahmins Corporations, The Times of India, Jan 10, available https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/upper-caste-quota-telangana-and-andhra-already-running-brahmin-corporations/articleshow/67465534.cms.

5. Ministry of Labour and Employment report (2015-2016), available http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/employment%20-%20unemployment%20survey%202016.pdf

6. Sathi Reddy (2005), A Sociological Study of Journalists, PhD Thesis submitted to The Karnatak University, Dharwad. Telangana state statistical year book 2017

Received on 07.04.2019 Modified on 21.04.2019

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(2):687-690.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00113.X

Nature of job	Caste
Nature of job	OCs	BCs	SCs	STs	Others
Desk Job	51(25.2)	58(28.7)	1(0.4)	2(0.9)	0
Reporting	19(9.4)	38 (18.8)	0	2(0.9)	0
News Producers	1(0.4)	6(2.9)	0	0	2 (0.9)*
Program Producers	9(4.4)	10(4.9)	1(0.4)	2(0.9)	0