Irrigation Infrastructure in India with Special Reference to North East
Manish Sarkar1*, Dr. Samrat Goswami2
1Research Scholar, Department of Rural Studies, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar - 799022
2Assistant Professor, Department of Rural Studies, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar - 799022
ABSTRACT:
KEYWORDS: Agriculture, Crops area, Irrigated area, Proportional changes,
INTRODUCTION:
Irrigation is the method of supplying water to plants for agriculture in a controlled manner as per the plant requirement. In other words, it is the act of supplying water to plants when there is insufficient rainfall. Irrigation can be done through various methods, such as canal irrigation, tank irrigation, groundwater irrigation and other irrigations by pumping water from rivers, lakes and wells (Agrihome Expressions). It is the artificial application of water to the soil in periods of drought for assisting in crops growing (Shirsath, 2009).
The Planning Commission has distinguished irrigation schemes in terms of the size of the command area (the area that can be covered by a specific water source). They are major, medium and minor irrigations (Planning Commission, Government of India) and differ from region to region, depending upon the existence or non-existence of perennial sources of water. For example, after independence, the northern part of India, having numbers of perennial rivers have experienced the growth of canal irrigation, whereas, the southern part of the country relied more on traditional sources of irrigation, tank irrigation, along with watersheds. The groundwater irrigation gained momentum during the middle of 1960s, with the inception of the New Agricultural Technology where timely, adequate amount of water was the need of the hour. Gradually, groundwater irrigation has become the main source of irrigation in India (Vaidyanathan, 1999).
The irrigation practice in the North East Region (NER) is to some extent different from that of the other parts of the country. NER constitutes eight states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura, with undulating topography, hilly terrain and climatic variation. Heavy but uneven rainfall distribution leads towards conservation of rainwater. Agriculture, in this region depends upon rain water, minor irrigation and gravitational irrigation. It has been evidenced that creation of irrigational facilities in this region was not up to the mark and were not equally endowed with different irrigation facilities. Tradition of canal irrigation water distribution is one of the main sources of irrigation in this region, where rapid depletion of ground water for irrigation has already taken place in other regions of the country. In this regard, there is a potential of improved irrigational facilities in this region by adopting water harvesting and river-based irrigation system (Sen et al., 2015) as the NER is endowed with 33 (thirty-three) percent of the country's total water resources. However, only 11 (eleven) percent of the total cultivable land of this region is irrigated that mainly relies upon ground water. There was inherent advantage of harvesting rain water for irrigational purpose, as the region is blessed with high rainfall (Patel, 2013).
REVIEW OF PAST STUDIES:
Since independence, irrigation has been considered as a driving force to achieve higher agricultural production. Numbers of notable works have been conducted covering various aspects of irrigation. Few of them have been mentioned in section two of the present paper. Chadra and Singh (1987) in their research article titled ‘Impact of Irrigation on Crop Production in Ram Ganga Command Area’ evaluated the Command Area Development Programme and found that the programme led to a significant increase in the average wheat and rice yields in Kanpur district. The yield increase was up to 625 kg/ha. Whereas, Moorthi et al. (1973) in their research study highlighted the benefits of irrigation under scientific water management practices. The experimental findings led to the conclusion that it was not only the quantity of water which was important but the timing of irrigation at different stages of plant growth was also responsible for the crop yields. Bagi (1981), in his study viewed that irrigation primarily reduces the uncertainty of crop production and consequently increases agricultural productivity in a number of ways and it can increase crop yields even without any increased use of agricultural inputs. The study found that lower risk and uncertainty of crop production are likely to encourage greater use of inputs and Cultivation of better quality and high value crops may become feasible. According to Vaidyanathan (1999), development and extension of irrigation facilities took significant importance for agricultural development between 1950 and 1997. Investments in minor irrigation, mostly for ground water irrigation was emphasised in this period. As a result, there was significant increase in gross area irrigated from ground water. Impact of tanks and other water harveting stuctures were less than reservior system and ground water irrigation system. Further, in most of the states small land holders were tend to have more irrigation ratio than the large land holders. As a result access to ground water for small farmers were difficult due financial constraints for set up of wells, pump sets and tubewells. These impacted to the small holdings as most of groud water extraction units were found in large holders’ land. Resulted towards less productivity of irrigated agriculture than the potential productivity. Further, importance was given to surface water irrigation and accordingly some institutional changes were made. Emphasis was given to improve surface irrigation management, water conservation through integrated watershed development and regulation of groundater for sustainability. Shah, (2011) has revealed in his study that due to the full functioning of the water markets, and over extraction of groundwater thereby, rapid expansion of canal irrigation in India during the last years of the nineteenth century was emphasised.
On the contrary, according to John Kerr (2007), the watershed management practices have been fairly successful and have achieved a lot in terms of water and soil conservation benefits. There has been a significant increase in the water availability for irrigation and livestock, land productivity, and rehabilitation of degraded and extension of arable land. The cropped area of implementation of the project has increased due to continuous availability of water in the wells, which in turn is expected to continue to increase in the land holders of the region. There is a change in the cropping pattern in, and, an increase in the yield of the crops cultivated in the region after the implementation of the project. The results from the study are encouraging.
Irrigation system is a sober concern to farmers who rely on them for their crops and livelihoods and to governments that are investing profoundly in their development. The most severe problems facing Indian irrigation systems are the increasing costs of new schemes, the huge backlog of incomplete schemes, and the increasing negligence of existing systems. Large-scale canal irrigation systems, in particular, are in poor condition, they are not properly maintained, operations are inadequate, water supplies do not reach the end of the downstream, and the timing of water supply is unreliable. Since independence, the creation of irrigation potential has undergone structural changes with emphasis has been given to surface water irrigation to groundwater irrigation and again surface water irrigation at decentralized level. Furthermore, the irrigation in north east has not gain ample importance compared to the other part of the country. In this backdrop, an attempt has been made to capture the development of irrigation infrastructure along with the irrigation facilities extended to different crops with special reference to north-east.
The broad objective of the study is to examine the irrigation infrastructure that has been created in the North Eastern region of the country. Specifically, the two objectives are –
· To compare the development of irrigation infrastructure in North Eastern states and other states of India.
· To examine the growth of irrigation facilities extended to different crops in the north-east and other states of India.
DATA AND METHODS:
The present study relies upon secondary sources of information and has been collected from various sources such as Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India, Statistical Handbooks of Northeastern States of India, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation of India. Further, Descriptive analysis has been performed to examine the created irrigation infrastructure in the North Eastern region and in other parts (states) of the country.
The impact of irrigation infrastructure has two important components. First, the irrigation potential created by the government and second the irrigation potential utilized. The impact of created irrigation potential can also be depicted through the increase of net irrigated area over time. However, the increase in the crop production can also be considered as an impact of increased irrigation infrastructure. In this regard, it is assumed that the agricultural sector has not experienced any significant technological and institutional change, such as change in agricultural technique or change in the land distribution system.
Irrigation potential has been assessed through considering increase in proportion of irrigated area, where, Proportion of Irrigated Area = Total Irrigated Area / Total Cropped Area
Proportion of irrigated area has been calculated for food crops and non-food crops. Moreover, proportion of irrigated area under different sources has also been analyzed for different time periods. The area of food crops includes whole area under total food grains, sugarcane, condiments and spices, fruits and vegetables (including root crops) and other food crops. On the other hand, area under non- food crops includes whole area under total oilseeds, cotton, tobacco, fodder crops and other non-food crops (Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Government of India).
Data on important variables like total cropped area, irrigated area, and net irrigated area under different sources for the period 1984-85 to 2012-13 were compiled from Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
The overtime change in the creation of irrigation infrastructure and the impact thereof has been considered as significant change. The present section captures the creation of irrigation infrastructure and its impact over a period of twenty-nine years, in India (except north-eastern region) and in the north eastern part of India. As has already been mentioned that the creation of irrigation potential and utilization can be considered as an important part of irrigation infrastructure along with its impact on agricultural production, in this section the paper plans to examine the creation as well as impact with the help of the time series data. The first table captures the creation of irrigation potential in India (except north-eastern region), and in North-eastern part (Please see Table 1 in Annexure).
Figure 1: Irrigation Potential Created for Food Crops in North East and India except North East
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
Table 1: Irrigation Potential Created for Food Crops in North East and Rest of India (in Thousand Hectares)
|
Year |
India Except North East |
North East |
||||
|
Total Crop area |
Total Irrigated Area |
Proportion of Irrigated Area |
Total Crop area |
Total Irrigated Area |
Proportion of Irrigated Area |
|
|
1984-85 |
133947 |
45456.4 |
0.339 |
4272.000 |
805.600 |
0.189 |
|
1985-86 |
135530 |
45316.8 |
0.334 |
4402.000 |
811.200 |
0.184 |
|
1986-87 |
135271.9 |
46911.5 |
0.347 |
4246.100 |
811.500 |
0.191 |
|
1987-88 |
128759 |
46011.5 |
0.357 |
4281.000 |
814.500 |
0.190 |
|
1988-89 |
135808.1 |
49991.6 |
0.368 |
4282.900 |
816.400 |
0.191 |
|
1989-90 |
134918.7 |
50496.1 |
0.374 |
4400.300 |
816.900 |
0.186 |
|
1990-91 |
136512.2 |
51306 |
0.376 |
4518.800 |
827.000 |
0.183 |
|
1991-92 |
131498.9 |
52608.1 |
0.400 |
4534.100 |
823.900 |
0.182 |
|
1992-93 |
134487.8 |
53906 |
0.401 |
4529.200 |
840.000 |
0.185 |
|
1993-94 |
134087 |
55294 |
0.412 |
4665.000 |
841.000 |
0.180 |
|
1994-95 |
135986 |
57196 |
0.421 |
4556.000 |
839.000 |
0.184 |
|
1995-96 |
133622 |
57219 |
0.428 |
4654.000 |
843.000 |
0.181 |
|
1996-97 |
135576 |
60886.2 |
0.449 |
4581.000 |
522.800 |
0.114 |
|
1997-98 |
136196.5 |
61746.9 |
0.453 |
4594.500 |
524.100 |
0.114 |
|
1998-99 |
137984 |
64821 |
0.470 |
4566.000 |
520.000 |
0.114 |
|
1999-00 |
135799 |
65758 |
0.484 |
4717.000 |
489.000 |
0.104 |
|
2000-01 |
133744 |
63693 |
0.476 |
4749.000 |
490.000 |
0.103 |
|
2001-02 |
136355 |
65075 |
0.477 |
4711.000 |
507.000 |
0.108 |
|
2002-03 |
127564 |
60860.1 |
0.477 |
4678.000 |
522.900 |
0.112 |
|
2003-04 |
137457.3 |
64447.7 |
0.469 |
4671.700 |
520.300 |
0.111 |
|
2004-05 |
135190.8 |
65719.3 |
0.486 |
4659.200 |
527.700 |
0.113 |
|
2005-06 |
136460.6 |
68177.9 |
0.500 |
4707.400 |
435.100 |
0.092 |
|
2006-07 |
137632.9 |
70722.2 |
0.514 |
4498.100 |
495.800 |
0.110 |
|
2007-08 |
139918.5 |
72313.9 |
0.517 |
4638.500 |
506.100 |
0.109 |
|
2008-09 |
138165.7 |
72827.3 |
0.527 |
4860.300 |
647.700 |
0.133 |
|
2009-10 |
133749.5 |
69851.8 |
0.522 |
4995.500 |
584.200 |
0.117 |
|
2010-11 |
139842 |
73515.2 |
0.526 |
5245.000 |
576.800 |
0.110 |
|
2011-12 |
137036.9 |
75102.8 |
0.548 |
5269.100 |
576.200 |
0.109 |
|
2012-13 |
133944 |
74992.3 |
0.560 |
5230.000 |
601.700 |
0.115 |
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
The above figure 1 depicts that proportion of irrigated area under food crops in India (expect North-Eastern States) has increased gradually from the financial year 1984-85 to 2012-13. In the financial year 1984-85 the proportion of irrigated area was 0.339 thousand ha, where as it has been witnessed that in the financial year 2012-13, the proportion of irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) 0.560 thousand ha. Thus, it can be assumed that irrigation potentiality for food crops in India (expect North-Eastern States) has been increased.
On the other hand, proportion of irrigated area under food crops in North-East India has decreased from the financial year 1984-85 to 2012-13. For instance, in the financial year 1984-85 the proportion of irrigated area was 0.189 thousand ha, where as it has been evidenced that in the financial year 2012-13, the proportion of irrigated area in North-East India 0.115 thousand ha. Thus, it can be presumed that irrigation potentiality for food crops in North-East India has been decreased. Further, irrigation potentiality for non-food crops has been analyzed (Please see Table 2 in Annexure).
Figure 2: Irrigation Potential Created for Non-Food Crops in North East and India except North East
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
Table 2: Irrigation Potential Created for Non-Food Crops in North East and Rest of India (in Thousand Hectares)
|
Year |
India Except North East |
North East |
||||
|
Total Crop area |
Total Irrigated Area |
Proportion of Irrigated Area |
Total Crop area |
Total Irrigated Area |
Proportion of Irrigated Area |
|
|
1984-85 |
37252.5 |
8145.4 |
0.219 |
841.500 |
33.600 |
0.040 |
|
1985-86 |
37684.2 |
8120.4 |
0.215 |
836.800 |
33.600 |
0.040 |
|
1986-87 |
36054.3 |
8002.4 |
0.222 |
832.700 |
33.600 |
0.040 |
|
1987-88 |
36819.4 |
9176.3 |
0.249 |
878.600 |
33.700 |
0.038 |
|
1988-89 |
41301 |
10283.5 |
0.249 |
885.000 |
33.500 |
0.038 |
|
1989-90 |
42083.7 |
10505.5 |
0.250 |
866.300 |
33.500 |
0.039 |
|
1990-91 |
43827.5 |
11037 |
0.252 |
883.500 |
33.000 |
0.037 |
|
1991-92 |
45302.5 |
12214.5 |
0.270 |
905.500 |
33.500 |
0.037 |
|
1992-93 |
45717 |
11981 |
0.262 |
884.000 |
34.000 |
0.038 |
|
1993-94 |
46957 |
12085 |
0.257 |
886.000 |
34.000 |
0.038 |
|
1994-95 |
46586 |
12572 |
0.270 |
925.000 |
39.000 |
0.042 |
|
1995-96 |
48281 |
13248 |
0.274 |
914.000 |
42.000 |
0.046 |
|
1996-97 |
48447.8 |
14601.741 |
0.301 |
898.200 |
14.259 |
0.016 |
|
1997-98 |
48306.9 |
13387.728 |
0.277 |
890.100 |
11.272 |
0.013 |
|
1998-99 |
48247 |
13317 |
0.276 |
853.000 |
12.000 |
0.014 |
|
1999-00 |
46984 |
12946 |
0.276 |
896.000 |
23.000 |
0.026 |
|
2000-01 |
45936 |
11957 |
0.260 |
911.000 |
46.000 |
0.050 |
|
2001-02 |
46031 |
12748 |
0.277 |
917.000 |
40.000 |
0.044 |
|
2002-03 |
40750.6 |
11631.338 |
0.285 |
896.400 |
40.662 |
0.045 |
|
2003-04 |
46631.1 |
13010.194 |
0.279 |
900.900 |
63.806 |
0.071 |
|
2004-05 |
50376 |
14768.97 |
0.293 |
877.000 |
62.030 |
0.071 |
|
2005-06 |
50690.9 |
15550.243 |
0.307 |
878.100 |
116.757 |
0.133 |
|
2006-07 |
49346 |
15477.232 |
0.314 |
904.000 |
57.768 |
0.064 |
|
2007-08 |
49785.2 |
15181.219 |
0.305 |
880.800 |
57.781 |
0.066 |
|
2008-09 |
51436.2 |
15389.392 |
0.299 |
865.800 |
31.608 |
0.037 |
|
2009-10 |
49287.1 |
14611.977 |
0.296 |
969.900 |
36.023 |
0.037 |
|
2010-11 |
51554.5 |
14752.866 |
0.286 |
921.500 |
43.134 |
0.047 |
|
2011-12 |
52388.7 |
16005.25 |
0.306 |
937.300 |
45.750 |
0.049 |
|
2012-13 |
54248 |
16934 |
0.312 |
977.000 |
47.000 |
0.048 |
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
The above figure 2 represents that proportion of irrigated area under non-food crops in India (expect North-Eastern States) has increased from the financial year 1984-85 to the financial year 2012-13. In the financial year 1984-85 the proportion of irrigated area was 0.219 thousand ha, where as it has been observed that in the financial year 2012-13, the proportion of irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) 0.312 thousand ha. Thus, it can be concluded that irrigation potentiality for food crops in India (expect North-Eastern States) has been increased.
On the other hand, proportion of irrigated area under non-food crops in North-East India has also increased from the financial year 1984-85 to the financial year 2012-13. For instance, in the financial year 1984-85 the proportion of irrigated area was 0.040 thousand ha, where as it has been witnessed that in the financial year 2012-13, the proportion of irrigated area in North-East India 0.048 thousand ha. Thus, it can be concluded that irrigation potentiality for non-food crops in North-East India has been increased. Further, distribution of net irrigated area under different irrigation sources are described (Please see Table 3 in Annexure).
Figure 3: Distribution of Net Area (thousand Ha) Irrigated under Different Sources in India
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
Table 3: Distribution of Net Area (Thousand Hectares) Irrigated under Different Sources in India
|
Year |
India Except North East |
North East India |
|||||
|
Government Canal |
Private Canal |
Total Canal (Private and Government) |
Tanks |
Tube-Wells |
Other Wells |
Other Sources |
|
|
1984-85 |
15805 |
470 |
16275 |
3021 |
11566 |
8828 |
2455 |
|
1985-86 |
15715 |
465 |
16180 |
2765 |
11903 |
8515 |
2502 |
|
1986-87 |
16039 |
456 |
16495 |
2677 |
12298 |
8524 |
2575 |
|
1987-88 |
15286 |
460 |
15746 |
2523 |
13185 |
8611 |
2827 |
|
1988-89 |
16640 |
462 |
17102 |
2996 |
13716 |
9498 |
2836 |
|
1989-90 |
16646 |
478 |
17124 |
2941 |
14049 |
9837 |
2751 |
|
1990-91 |
16973 |
481 |
17453 |
2944 |
14257 |
10438 |
2932 |
|
1991-92 |
17327 |
464 |
17791 |
2991 |
15168 |
10869 |
3048 |
|
1992-93 |
16503 |
483 |
16986 |
3179 |
15815 |
11105 |
3211 |
|
1993-94 |
16653 |
485 |
17138 |
3170 |
16376 |
11220 |
3435 |
|
1994-95 |
16799 |
480 |
17279 |
3276 |
17189 |
11722 |
3533 |
|
1995-96 |
16561 |
559 |
17120 |
3118 |
17910 |
11787 |
3467 |
|
1996-97 |
16889 |
220 |
17109 |
2821 |
19338 |
12457 |
3388 |
|
1997-98 |
17186 |
211 |
17397 |
2597 |
19680 |
12431 |
3106 |
|
1998-99 |
17099 |
212 |
17311 |
2795 |
21394 |
12606 |
3329 |
|
1999-00 |
17247 |
194 |
17440 |
2539 |
22042 |
12597 |
2912 |
|
2000-01 |
15809 |
203 |
16012 |
2466 |
22566 |
11252 |
2909 |
|
2001-02 |
14993 |
209 |
15202 |
2196 |
23245 |
11952 |
4342 |
|
2002-03 |
13867 |
206 |
14073 |
1811 |
25627 |
8727 |
3658 |
|
2003-04 |
14251 |
206 |
14458 |
1916 |
26691 |
9693 |
4299 |
|
2004-05 |
14553 |
214 |
14766 |
1734 |
25235 |
9956 |
7538 |
|
2005-06 |
16490 |
227 |
16718 |
2083 |
26026 |
10044 |
5966 |
|
2006-07 |
16802 |
224 |
17027 |
2078 |
26942 |
10698 |
5999 |
|
2007-08 |
16531 |
217 |
16748 |
1973 |
28497 |
9864 |
6107 |
|
2008-09 |
16686 |
195 |
16881 |
1981 |
28367 |
10389 |
6020 |
|
2009-10 |
14789 |
188 |
14978 |
1587 |
28371 |
9992 |
7008 |
|
2010-11 |
15496 |
171 |
15667 |
1980 |
28544 |
10630 |
6855 |
|
2011-12 |
15846 |
172 |
16017 |
1918 |
29942 |
10595 |
7228 |
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
The above figure 3 portrays that extraction of ground water for irrigation, especially tube-well irrigation has progressively increased. It has been seen that net irrigated area under tube-well was 11566 thousand ha in the year 1984-85 and has gradually increased to 29942 thousand ha in the year 2011-12. Apart from that, the figure 3 also reveals that use of ground water has more or less remained same or declined for the period 1984-85 to 2011-12. For instance, net irrigated area under canal irrigation was 16275thousand ha in the year 1984-85, and has declined to 16017 thousand ha in the year 2011-12. On the other hand, net irrigated area under tanks was 3021thousand ha in the year 1984-85, and has declined little by 1918 thousand ha in the year 2011-12. Further, the proportion of canal irrigated area has been portrayed in North-east and other part of India separately (Please see Table 4 in Annexure).
Figure 4: Irrigation Potential Created under Government Intervened Canal Irrigation in North East and IndiaExcept North East
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
Table 4: Irrigation Potential Created under Government Canal Irrigation in North East and Rest of India (in Thousand Hectares)
|
Year |
India Except North East |
North East India |
||||
|
Net Irrigated Area |
Government Canal |
Proportion of Government Canal Irrigated Area |
Net Irrigated Area |
Government Canal |
Proportion of Government Canal Irrigated Area |
|
|
1984-85 |
41294.000 |
15705.600 |
0.380 |
851.000 |
99.400 |
0.117 |
|
1985-86 |
41008.000 |
15614.500 |
0.381 |
857.000 |
100.500 |
0.117 |
|
1986-87 |
41706.100 |
15937.100 |
0.382 |
862.900 |
101.900 |
0.118 |
|
1987-88 |
42023.800 |
15182.800 |
0.361 |
868.200 |
103.200 |
0.119 |
|
1988-89 |
45283.600 |
16542.400 |
0.365 |
864.400 |
97.600 |
0.113 |
|
1989-90 |
45838.300 |
16548.400 |
0.361 |
863.700 |
97.600 |
0.113 |
|
1990-91 |
47143.000 |
16868.700 |
0.358 |
880.000 |
104.000 |
0.118 |
|
1991-92 |
48990.900 |
17226.300 |
0.352 |
875.700 |
101.000 |
0.115 |
|
1992-93 |
49438.000 |
16411.000 |
0.332 |
858.000 |
92.000 |
0.107 |
|
1993-94 |
50480.000 |
16561.000 |
0.328 |
859.000 |
92.000 |
0.107 |
|
1994-95 |
52133.000 |
16700.000 |
0.320 |
866.000 |
99.000 |
0.114 |
|
1995-96 |
52536.000 |
16462.000 |
0.313 |
866.000 |
99.000 |
0.114 |
|
1996-97 |
54649.378 |
16720.733 |
0.306 |
462.819 |
168.551 |
0.364 |
|
1997-98 |
54746.100 |
17016.259 |
0.311 |
464.254 |
169.931 |
0.366 |
|
1998-99 |
56990.842 |
16936.027 |
0.297 |
445.000 |
163.000 |
0.366 |
|
1999-00 |
57113.682 |
17071.688 |
0.299 |
417.000 |
175.000 |
0.420 |
|
2000-01 |
54782.512 |
15744.991 |
0.287 |
422.000 |
64.000 |
0.152 |
|
2001-02 |
56505.620 |
14924.057 |
0.264 |
430.000 |
69.000 |
0.160 |
|
2002-03 |
53440.676 |
13794.916 |
0.258 |
455.890 |
72.227 |
0.158 |
|
2003-04 |
56609.406 |
14178.294 |
0.250 |
447.994 |
73.111 |
0.163 |
|
2004-05 |
58767.039 |
14481.432 |
0.246 |
461.790 |
71.269 |
0.154 |
|
2005-06 |
60377.794 |
16430.293 |
0.272 |
459.620 |
59.756 |
0.130 |
|
2006-07 |
62284.143 |
16739.205 |
0.269 |
459.940 |
63.168 |
0.137 |
|
2007-08 |
62726.900 |
16471.717 |
0.263 |
462.327 |
59.541 |
0.129 |
|
2008-09 |
63166.214 |
16624.747 |
0.263 |
471.815 |
61.564 |
0.130 |
|
2009-10 |
61412.011 |
14597.521 |
0.238 |
523.493 |
191.829 |
0.366 |
|
2010-11 |
63133.355 |
15335.144 |
0.243 |
523.197 |
160.894 |
0.308 |
|
2011-12 |
65191.540 |
15774.764 |
0.242 |
501.080 |
70.949 |
0.142 |
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
The above figure 4 depicts that proportion of government intervened canal irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) has decreased from the financial year 1984-85 to the year 2012-13. In the financial year 1984-85 the proportion of government intervened canal irrigated area was 0.380 thousand ha, where as it has been observed that in the year 2011-12, the proportion of irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) 0.242 thousand ha. Thus, it can be concluded that net irrigation potentiality under government intervened canal for India (expect North-Eastern States) has been decreased.
On the other hand, proportion of government intervened canal irrigated area in North-East India has been increased from the financial year 1984-85 to the financial year 2011-12. For instance, in the financial year 1984-85 the proportion of government intervened canal irrigated area was 0.117 thousand ha, where as it has been evidenced that in the financial year 2011-12, the proportion of government intervened canal irrigated area in North-East India 0.142 thousand ha. Thus, it can be concluded that net-irrigation potentiality under government intervened canal in North-East India has been increased. Further, distribution of net irrigated area under private canal sources are described (Please see Table 5 in Annexure).
Figure 5: Irrigation Potential Created under Private Canal Irrigation in North East and Rest of India
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
Table 5: Irrigation Potential Created under Private Canal Irrigation in North East and Rest of India (in Thousand Hectares)
|
Year |
India Except North East |
North East India |
||||
|
Net Irrigated Area |
Private Canal |
Proportion of Private Canal Irrigated Area |
Net Irrigated Area |
Private Canal |
Proportion of Private Canal Irrigated Area |
|
|
1984-85 |
41294.000 |
151.700 |
0.004 |
851.000 |
318.300 |
0.374 |
|
1985-86 |
41008.000 |
145.600 |
0.004 |
857.000 |
319.400 |
0.373 |
|
1986-87 |
41706.100 |
135.200 |
0.003 |
862.900 |
320.800 |
0.372 |
|
1987-88 |
42023.800 |
137.900 |
0.003 |
868.200 |
322.100 |
0.371 |
|
1988-89 |
45283.600 |
145.500 |
0.003 |
864.400 |
316.500 |
0.366 |
|
1989-90 |
45838.300 |
161.500 |
0.004 |
863.700 |
316.500 |
0.366 |
|
1990-91 |
47143.000 |
158.000 |
0.003 |
880.000 |
323.000 |
0.367 |
|
1991-92 |
48990.900 |
144.300 |
0.003 |
875.700 |
319.900 |
0.365 |
|
1992-93 |
49438.000 |
171.000 |
0.003 |
858.000 |
312.000 |
0.364 |
|
1993-94 |
50480.000 |
173.000 |
0.003 |
859.000 |
312.000 |
0.363 |
|
1994-95 |
52133.000 |
161.000 |
0.003 |
866.000 |
319.000 |
0.368 |
|
1995-96 |
52536.000 |
240.000 |
0.005 |
866.000 |
319.000 |
0.368 |
|
1996-97 |
54649.378 |
200.109 |
0.004 |
462.819 |
19.591 |
0.042 |
|
1997-98 |
54746.100 |
190.001 |
0.003 |
464.254 |
20.591 |
0.044 |
|
1998-99 |
56990.842 |
206.165 |
0.004 |
445.000 |
6.000 |
0.013 |
|
1999-00 |
57113.682 |
146.612 |
0.003 |
417.000 |
47.000 |
0.113 |
|
2000-01 |
54782.512 |
155.818 |
0.003 |
422.000 |
47.000 |
0.111 |
|
2001-02 |
56505.620 |
154.567 |
0.003 |
430.000 |
54.000 |
0.126 |
|
2002-03 |
53440.676 |
151.118 |
0.003 |
455.890 |
54.908 |
0.120 |
|
2003-04 |
56609.406 |
152.314 |
0.003 |
447.994 |
54.151 |
0.121 |
|
2004-05 |
58767.039 |
159.018 |
0.003 |
461.790 |
54.669 |
0.118 |
|
2005-06 |
60377.794 |
172.434 |
0.003 |
459.620 |
55.040 |
0.120 |
|
2006-07 |
62284.143 |
166.746 |
0.003 |
459.940 |
57.500 |
0.125 |
|
2007-08 |
62726.900 |
166.811 |
0.003 |
462.327 |
50.044 |
0.108 |
|
2008-09 |
63166.214 |
141.035 |
0.002 |
471.815 |
54.029 |
0.115 |
|
2009-10 |
61412.011 |
136.440 |
0.002 |
523.493 |
51.838 |
0.099 |
|
2010-11 |
63133.355 |
120.252 |
0.002 |
523.197 |
50.390 |
0.096 |
|
2011-12 |
65191.540 |
122.829 |
0.002 |
501.080 |
48.855 |
0.097 |
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
The above figure 5 depicts that proportion of private canal irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States), which is between 0.002 thousand ha to 0.005 thousand ha, has more or less remained same from the year 1984-85 to the year 2011-12. It reveals that irrigation potential of private canals is very limited towards India, except North-Eastern States. On the other hand, proportion of private canal irrigated area in North-East India has been decreased from the year 1984-85 to the year 2011-12. But the proportion of private canal irrigated area in North-East India is higher than the proportion of private canal irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States). Thus, it can be concluded that irrigation potential under private canal in North-East India has increased. The distribution of net irrigated area under tanks is described further (Please see Table 6 in Annexure).
Figure 6: Distribution of Net Irrigated Area (thousand Ha) under Tanks in North-East and Rest of India
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
Table 6: Distribution of Net Irrigated Area under Tanks in North-East and Rest of India (in Thousand Hectares)
|
Year |
India Except North East |
North East India |
||||
|
Net Irrigated Area |
Tanks |
Proportion of Tank Irrigated Area |
Net Irrigated Area |
Tanks
|
Proportion of Tank Irrigated Area |
|
|
1984-85 |
41294.000 |
3019.400 |
0.073 |
851.000 |
1.600 |
0.002 |
|
1985-86 |
41008.000 |
2763.300 |
0.067 |
857.000 |
1.700 |
0.002 |
|
1986-87 |
41706.100 |
2675.200 |
0.064 |
862.900 |
1.800 |
0.002 |
|
1987-88 |
42023.800 |
2521.200 |
0.060 |
868.200 |
1.800 |
0.002 |
|
1988-89 |
45283.600 |
2994.000 |
0.066 |
864.400 |
2.000 |
0.002 |
|
1989-90 |
45838.300 |
2939.000 |
0.064 |
863.700 |
2.000 |
0.002 |
|
1990-91 |
47143.000 |
2936.100 |
0.062 |
880.000 |
8.000 |
0.009 |
|
1991-92 |
48990.900 |
2983.300 |
0.061 |
875.700 |
8.000 |
0.009 |
|
1992-93 |
49438.000 |
3174.000 |
0.064 |
858.000 |
5.000 |
0.006 |
|
1993-94 |
50480.000 |
3165.000 |
0.063 |
859.000 |
5.000 |
0.006 |
|
1994-95 |
52133.000 |
3271.000 |
0.063 |
866.000 |
5.000 |
0.006 |
|
1995-96 |
52536.000 |
3113.000 |
0.059 |
866.000 |
5.000 |
0.006 |
|
1996-97 |
54649.378 |
2819.272 |
0.052 |
462.819 |
1.799 |
0.004 |
|
1997-98 |
54746.100 |
2594.884 |
0.047 |
464.254 |
1.799 |
0.004 |
|
1998-99 |
56990.842 |
2792.915 |
0.049 |
445.000 |
2.000 |
0.004 |
|
1999-00 |
57113.682 |
2537.385 |
0.044 |
417.000 |
2.000 |
0.005 |
|
2000-01 |
54782.512 |
2461.258 |
0.045 |
422.000 |
5.000 |
0.012 |
|
2001-02 |
56505.620 |
2190.727 |
0.039 |
430.000 |
5.000 |
0.012 |
|
2002-03 |
53440.676 |
1805.400 |
0.034 |
455.890 |
5.393 |
0.012 |
|
2003-04 |
56609.406 |
1910.838 |
0.034 |
447.994 |
5.393 |
0.012 |
|
2004-05 |
58767.039 |
1728.849 |
0.029 |
461.790 |
5.393 |
0.012 |
|
2005-06 |
60377.794 |
2078.350 |
0.034 |
459.620 |
4.752 |
0.010 |
|
2006-07 |
62284.143 |
2073.598 |
0.033 |
459.940 |
4.596 |
0.010 |
|
2007-08 |
62726.900 |
1968.151 |
0.031 |
462.327 |
5.010 |
0.011 |
|
2008-09 |
63166.214 |
1975.541 |
0.031 |
471.815 |
5.011 |
0.011 |
|
2009-10 |
61412.011 |
1583.468 |
0.026 |
523.493 |
3.156 |
0.006 |
|
2010-11 |
63133.355 |
1976.726 |
0.031 |
523.197 |
3.156 |
0.006 |
|
2011-12 |
65191.540 |
1911.895 |
0.029 |
501.080 |
6.375 |
0.013 |
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
The above figure 6 depicts that proportion of tank irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) has gradually decreased from the financial year 1984-85 to the financial year 2011-12. In the financial year 1984-85 the proportion of tank irrigated area was 0.073 thousand ha, where as it has been observed that in the financial year 2011-12, the proportion of tank irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) 0.029 thousand ha. Thus, irrigation potential for tanks has been decreased in India (expect North-Eastern States). On the other hand, proportion of tanks irrigated area in North-East India has been registered increase over the years. Thus, it reveals that irrigation potentiality created under tanks in North-East India has been increased. In the next diagram, net irrigated area under tube-wells has been depicted.
Figure 7: Distribution of Net Irrigated Area (thousand Ha) under Tube-Wells in North-East and Rest of India
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
Table 7: Distribution of Net Irrigated Area under Tube-Wells in North-East and Rest of India (in Thousand Hectares)
|
Year |
India Except North East |
North East India |
||||
|
Net Irrigated Area |
Tube-Wells |
Proportion of Tube-Well Irrigated Area |
Net Irrigated Area |
Tube-Wells |
Proportion of Tube-Well Irrigated Area |
|
|
1984-85 |
41294.000 |
11560.700 |
0.280 |
851.000 |
5.300 |
0.006 |
|
1985-86 |
41008.000 |
11897.600 |
0.290 |
857.000 |
5.400 |
0.006 |
|
1986-87 |
41706.100 |
12292.300 |
0.295 |
862.900 |
5.700 |
0.007 |
|
1987-88 |
42023.800 |
13179.100 |
0.314 |
868.200 |
5.900 |
0.007 |
|
1988-89 |
45283.600 |
13709.300 |
0.303 |
864.400 |
6.700 |
0.008 |
|
1989-90 |
45838.300 |
14042.300 |
0.306 |
863.700 |
6.700 |
0.008 |
|
1990-91 |
47143.000 |
14248.700 |
0.302 |
880.000 |
8.000 |
0.009 |
|
1991-92 |
48990.900 |
15157.400 |
0.309 |
875.700 |
11.000 |
0.013 |
|
1992-93 |
49438.000 |
15813.000 |
0.320 |
858.000 |
2.000 |
0.002 |
|
1993-94 |
50480.000 |
16374.000 |
0.324 |
859.000 |
2.000 |
0.002 |
|
1994-95 |
52133.000 |
17187.000 |
0.330 |
866.000 |
2.000 |
0.002 |
|
1995-96 |
52536.000 |
17908.000 |
0.341 |
866.000 |
2.000 |
0.002 |
|
1996-97 |
54649.378 |
19335.785 |
0.354 |
462.819 |
1.960 |
0.004 |
|
1997-98 |
54746.100 |
19678.203 |
0.359 |
464.254 |
1.965 |
0.004 |
|
1998-99 |
56990.842 |
21392.277 |
0.375 |
445.000 |
2.000 |
0.004 |
|
1999-00 |
57113.682 |
22040.161 |
0.386 |
417.000 |
2.000 |
0.005 |
|
2000-01 |
54782.512 |
22549.646 |
0.412 |
422.000 |
16.000 |
0.038 |
|
2001-02 |
56505.620 |
23228.580 |
0.411 |
430.000 |
16.000 |
0.037 |
|
2002-03 |
53440.676 |
25609.405 |
0.479 |
455.890 |
17.376 |
0.038 |
|
2003-04 |
56609.406 |
26673.979 |
0.471 |
447.994 |
17.376 |
0.039 |
|
2004-05 |
58767.039 |
25217.178 |
0.429 |
461.790 |
17.376 |
0.038 |
|
2005-06 |
60377.794 |
26010.596 |
0.431 |
459.620 |
15.420 |
0.034 |
|
2006-07 |
62284.143 |
26927.430 |
0.432 |
459.940 |
14.848 |
0.032 |
|
2007-08 |
62726.900 |
28490.991 |
0.454 |
462.327 |
5.852 |
0.013 |
|
2008-09 |
63166.214 |
28361.165 |
0.449 |
471.815 |
5.858 |
0.012 |
|
2009-10 |
61412.011 |
28357.977 |
0.462 |
523.493 |
12.622 |
0.024 |
|
2010-11 |
63133.355 |
28531.721 |
0.452 |
523.197 |
12.622 |
0.024 |
|
2011-12 |
65191.540 |
29928.945 |
0.459 |
501.080 |
12.858 |
0.026 |
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
Figure 7 depicts that proportion of tube-well irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) has gradually increased between1984-85 to 2011-12. In the year 1984-85 the proportion of tube-well irrigated area was 0.280 thousand ha, whereas it has been observed that in the year 2011-12, the proportion of tube-well irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) 0.459 thousand ha. Thus, irrigation potential for tube-well has been increased in India (expect North-Eastern States). On the other hand, proportion of tube-well irrigated area in North-East India has also increased periodically over the said period. Thus, it reveals that irrigation potential under tube-wells in North-East India has also increased. However, another source of irrigation, namely, other wells, has been captured in the next diagram.
Figure 8: Distribution of Net Irrigated Area (Thousand Ha) under Other-Wells in North-East and Rest of India
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
Table 8: Distribution of Net Irrigated Area under Other-Wells in North-East and Rest of India (in Thousand Hectares)
|
Year |
India Except North East |
North East India |
||||
|
Net Irrigated Area |
Other-Wells |
Proportion of Other-Well Irrigated Area |
Net Irrigated Area |
Other-Wells |
Proportion of Other-Well Irrigated Area |
|
|
1984-85 |
41294.000 |
8828.000 |
0.214 |
851.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
1985-86 |
41008.000 |
8515.000 |
0.208 |
857.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
1986-87 |
41706.100 |
8524.000 |
0.204 |
862.900 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
1987-88 |
42023.800 |
8611.000 |
0.205 |
868.200 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
1988-89 |
45283.600 |
9498.000 |
0.210 |
864.400 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
1989-90 |
45838.300 |
9837.000 |
0.215 |
863.700 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
1990-91 |
47143.000 |
10437.500 |
0.221 |
880.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
1991-92 |
48990.900 |
10868.700 |
0.222 |
875.700 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
1992-93 |
49438.000 |
11103.000 |
0.225 |
858.000 |
2.000 |
0.002 |
|
1993-94 |
50480.000 |
11218.000 |
0.222 |
859.000 |
2.000 |
0.002 |
|
1994-95 |
52133.000 |
11720.000 |
0.225 |
866.000 |
2.000 |
0.002 |
|
1995-96 |
52536.000 |
11785.000 |
0.224 |
866.000 |
2.000 |
0.002 |
|
1996-97 |
54649.378 |
12454.915 |
0.228 |
462.819 |
1.799 |
0.004 |
|
1997-98 |
54746.100 |
12428.743 |
0.227 |
464.254 |
1.799 |
0.004 |
|
1998-99 |
56990.842 |
12604.289 |
0.221 |
445.000 |
2.000 |
0.004 |
|
1999-00 |
57113.682 |
12594.786 |
0.221 |
417.000 |
2.000 |
0.005 |
|
2000-01 |
54782.512 |
11248.278 |
0.205 |
422.000 |
4.000 |
0.009 |
|
2001-02 |
56505.620 |
11948.017 |
0.211 |
430.000 |
4.000 |
0.009 |
|
2002-03 |
53440.676 |
8722.953 |
0.163 |
455.890 |
4.393 |
0.010 |
|
2003-04 |
56609.406 |
9688.838 |
0.171 |
447.994 |
4.393 |
0.010 |
|
2004-05 |
58767.039 |
9951.383 |
0.169 |
461.790 |
4.393 |
0.010 |
|
2005-06 |
60377.794 |
10039.976 |
0.166 |
459.620 |
4.410 |
0.010 |
|
2006-07 |
62284.143 |
10694.033 |
0.172 |
459.940 |
4.195 |
0.009 |
|
2007-08 |
62726.900 |
9859.784 |
0.157 |
462.327 |
4.339 |
0.009 |
|
2008-09 |
63166.214 |
10384.715 |
0.164 |
471.815 |
4.341 |
0.009 |
|
2009-10 |
61412.011 |
9989.762 |
0.163 |
523.493 |
2.513 |
0.005 |
|
2010-11 |
63133.355 |
10627.837 |
0.168 |
523.197 |
2.512 |
0.005 |
|
2011-12 |
65191.540 |
10591.272 |
0.162 |
501.080 |
4.035 |
0.008 |
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
The above figure (figure 8) depicts that proportion of other-well irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) has decreased over the years though, proportion of other-well irrigated area in North-East India increased a little over the same period. Thus, it reveals that irrigation potential under other -wells in North-East India has increased. Further, distributions of net irrigated area under other sources are described in the figure nine.
Figure 9: Distribution of Net Irrigated Area (Thousand Ha) under Other-Sources in North-East and Rest of India
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
Table 9: Distribution of Net Irrigated Area under Other-Sources in North-East and Rest of India (in Thousand Hectares)
|
Year |
India Except North East) |
North East India |
||||
|
Net Irrigated Area |
Other-Sources |
Proportion of Other-Sources Irrigated Area |
Net Irrigated Area |
Other- Sources |
Proportion of Other-Sources Irrigated Area |
|
|
1984-85 |
41294.000 |
2028.600 |
0.049 |
851.000 |
426.400 |
0.501 |
|
1985-86 |
41008.000 |
2072.000 |
0.051 |
857.000 |
430.000 |
0.502 |
|
1986-87 |
41706.100 |
2142.300 |
0.051 |
862.900 |
432.700 |
0.501 |
|
1987-88 |
42023.800 |
2391.800 |
0.057 |
868.200 |
435.200 |
0.501 |
|
1988-89 |
45283.600 |
2394.400 |
0.053 |
864.400 |
441.600 |
0.511 |
|
1989-90 |
45838.300 |
2310.100 |
0.050 |
863.700 |
440.900 |
0.510 |
|
1990-91 |
47143.000 |
2495.000 |
0.053 |
880.000 |
437.000 |
0.497 |
|
1991-92 |
48990.900 |
2612.300 |
0.053 |
875.700 |
435.800 |
0.498 |
|
1992-93 |
49438.000 |
2766.000 |
0.056 |
858.000 |
445.000 |
0.519 |
|
1993-94 |
50480.000 |
2989.000 |
0.059 |
859.000 |
446.000 |
0.519 |
|
1994-95 |
52133.000 |
3094.000 |
0.059 |
866.000 |
439.000 |
0.507 |
|
1995-96 |
52536.000 |
3028.000 |
0.058 |
866.000 |
439.000 |
0.507 |
|
1996-97 |
54649.378 |
3118.564 |
0.057 |
462.819 |
269.120 |
0.581 |
|
1997-98 |
54746.100 |
2838.010 |
0.052 |
464.254 |
268.170 |
0.578 |
|
1998-99 |
56990.842 |
3059.169 |
0.054 |
445.000 |
270.000 |
0.607 |
|
1999-00 |
57113.682 |
2723.049 |
0.048 |
417.000 |
189.000 |
0.453 |
|
2000-01 |
54782.512 |
2622.520 |
0.048 |
422.000 |
286.000 |
0.678 |
|
2001-02 |
56505.620 |
4059.672 |
0.072 |
430.000 |
282.000 |
0.656 |
|
2002-03 |
53440.676 |
3356.884 |
0.063 |
455.890 |
301.593 |
0.662 |
|
2003-04 |
56609.406 |
4005.143 |
0.071 |
447.994 |
293.570 |
0.655 |
|
2004-05 |
58767.039 |
7229.179 |
0.123 |
461.790 |
308.690 |
0.668 |
|
2005-06 |
60377.794 |
5646.145 |
0.094 |
459.620 |
320.243 |
0.697 |
|
2006-07 |
62284.143 |
5683.130 |
0.091 |
459.940 |
315.633 |
0.686 |
|
2007-08 |
62726.900 |
5769.447 |
0.092 |
462.327 |
337.543 |
0.730 |
|
2008-09 |
63166.214 |
5679.011 |
0.090 |
471.815 |
341.011 |
0.723 |
|
2009-10 |
61412.011 |
6746.843 |
0.110 |
523.493 |
261.535 |
0.500 |
|
2010-11 |
63133.355 |
6561.407 |
0.104 |
523.197 |
293.623 |
0.561 |
|
2011-12 |
65191.540 |
6869.581 |
0.105 |
501.080 |
358.008 |
0.714 |
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India
Figure 9 portrays that proportion of other-sources irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) has increased periodically over the years, i.e. from 1984-85 to 2011-12. On the other hand, proportion of other-sources irrigated area in North-East India also increased a little the year. Hence, it shows that irrigation potential under other-sources in North-East India as well as in rest part of India has increased.
MAJOR FINDINGS:
The study reveals that proportion of irrigated area under food crops and non-food crops in India (expect North-Eastern States) has increased gradually from the 1984-85 to 2012-13. The broad objective of the study was to capture the contribution of the different sources of irrigation in North East India and that of the other part of India. The motivation of the study was to identify the importance given to the north eastern part of the country compared to the rest of the country in terms of irrigation towards agricultural support. On the other hand, proportion of irrigated area under food crops in North-East India has decreased over the past 29 (twenty-nine) years. But proportion of irrigated area under non-food crops in North-East India has also been increased from the financial year 1984-85 to the financial year 2012-13. Further, it has been witnessed that extraction of ground water for irrigation in India has been progressively increased, especially in tube-well irrigation. Moreover, net irrigated area under canal irrigation was 16275 thousand ha in the financial 1984-85, and it has declined to 16017 thousand ha in the financial year 2011-12. But, proportion of government intervened canal irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) has decreased over the last financial years, whereas proportion of government intervened canal irrigated area in North-East India has been increased over past twenty-nine financial years. Rest, proportion of tanks irrigated area in India (expect North-Eastern States) has gradually decreased over the financial years, whereas proportion of tanks irrigated area in North-East India has been increased. Further, proportion of tube-well irrigated area has gradually increased in whole India over last three decades. Lastly, it has been witnessed that proportion of other-sources irrigated area in India has subsequently increased over the financial years.
CONCLUSION:
After the Independence, during plan periods, numbers of multipurpose river valley projects have been implemented, big dams and reservoirs have been built for agro-economic growth and national prosperity, through irrigation management, hydropower generation, flood control, soil conservation, water supply etc. The main objective of such types of surface water projects was to supply irrigation water to the fields on a prolonged basis. The result was eminent, through the increase in irrigable area and increase in crop production. On the other hand, the over extraction of underground water, encouraged during the period of the adoption of New Agricultural Technology and High Yielding Varieties Technology, has become a menace. In this backdrop, emphasis on surface water management has become a felt need, particularly in the areas where the topography is undulating and perennial source of water is seriously absent. In those particular areas, surface water management can be done through various forms of water accumulation techniques and water provisioning. In this processes rain water play an important role for water accumulation, this can be stored through constructing water reservoirs, tanks and dams in the form of watersheds. Further, development of these watersheds and integrated management can reduce depletion of groundwater resources.
1. Agrihome Expressions. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2016, from Agrihome Expressions: http://agrihomegh.com/types-irrigation/
2. Mukherji, A., Verma, S., and Rath, P. (2003). Canal Irrigation Management by Tribal Communities: Case Study of AKRSP(I) Supported PIM Societies in South Gujarat. IWMI.
3. Patel, A. (2013). India Microfinance. Retrieved May 14, 2015, from A India Microfinance Website: https://indiamicrofinance.com/agricultural-in-north-east-india.html
4. Planning Commission, Government of India. (n.d.). Retrieved 6 5, 2015, from Planning Commission Website: http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol2/v2c4-1.htm
5. Sen, P., Devi, N. L., and Singha, D. Understanding Indigenous Irrigation Systems in North East India. Eco Whisper. 2015; II(1).
6. Shah, T. Past, Present, and the Future of Canal Irrigation in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.2011;
7. Shirsath, P. B. (2009, January 1). indiairrigation.blogspot.in. Retrieved from http://indiairrigation.blogspot.in/2009/01/history-of-irrigation-development-in_01.html
8. Vaidyanathan, A. Water Resource Management Institutions and Irrigation Development in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1999;
Received on 25.02.2019 Modified on 21.03.2019
Accepted on 30.04.2019 ©AandV Publications All right reserved
Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(2):333-345.
DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00059.7