INTRODUCTION:

Fake news is certainly not a new phenomenon. It was existing ever since the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, be it for propaganda or other profit but making money from fake news was not possible.

Before the Internet, publishing fake news and gaining an audience that could be monetised was nearly impossible for three reasons: Distribution and cost, Audiences and trust, Law and regulation. But less production cost and easy accessibility of internet/social media has opened the new door for fake news. And these are leading us towards a post-truth world. When the free flow of information is hampered, the void is more easily filled by disinformation, undermining the ability of communities to make informed choices. As social media users share more and more links, the volume of fake news websites exponentially increases. The recent discourses on fake news and its economy started in 2016 presidential election of USA, where Donald Trump was alleged of promoting a series of fake news. In mid-2016 The Guardian discovered dozens of pro-Trump, fake news websites operating out of a small town in Macedonia with a population of 44,000. Some of these sites regularly received over one million page views a month. As time has passed and medium is changing, fake news has also taken on different forms. Earlier it used to come from mainstream sources, as was the case with Yellow Journalism, but today insurgent media are the primary source. However fake news is manifested, it is characterized by sensationalism— headlines that prove irresistible, content that is compelling, and a story line that “uncovers” a scandal or an injustice. On the other side the issue of fake news is giving opportunity for the governments to impose some regulations over free media. In the case of India, situation is graver because fake news is released by government official also. In the latest report (2016-17) of home ministry, one picture of international border was published, which was showing that boarder areas are fully furnished with floodlighting and caption was also saying the same. But “Altnews.in” a fact checking website found that MHA has used the fake picture in its report and picture is of Spain-Morocco border.

As the number of fake news and websites are increasing, the authenticity, reliability and responsibility of media are being questioned. But the remedy of this issue lies in the hands of media only and that is the reason many media firm has come forward to handle this issue. In Indiamany facts checking websites like Altnews.in, India Spend, boom, media vigil, smhoaxslayer.com have been started to check the authenticity of any news. Though they are adopting different mechanism but still their works are not very easy. Concern over the fake news is a global phenomenon and whole world at different levels is trying to find some concrete solution, for this Google news lab Asia pacific summit was organized in Singapore where people from different parts of the world took part in it.Recently Apple CEO Tim Cook says that fake news is ‘killing people’s minds’, authorities and technological firms need to launch a counter attack against the issue of fake news (The Telegraph 12^th Feb, 2017). India Ex-president Pranab Mukhargee also said that fake news must be separated from real news. It needs to be carefully checked, re-check, contextualize and provides fair analysis so that people can be better informed to form rational opinion (thewire.in 25^th May 2017).While countries like Thailand, USA, Singapore, Japan are creating different software to overcome the issues of fake news.

The recent heated debate on fake news started with the utterance of Donald Trump, who said fake news to CNN. This statement gave opportunity as well as confidence to many authoritative ruler/governments to put ban on certain media or impose some kind of censorship. Turkey President put many journalists into jail in the name of fighting against the fake news, Cambodian government threw out all foreign journalists by saying these are threat for peace and stability of the government. In Philippines, Senator Joel Villanueva filed Senate Bill named “An Act Penalizing the Malicious Distribution of False News and Other Related Violations” on 21st June 2017 which seeks to penalize any person or entity creating and circulating false news in print, broadcast, or social media, with public officials getting stiffer penalties (Rappler.com). Russia is also planning to bring some laws to fight against fake news while in Britain a parliamentary committee is investigating the effects of fake news on democracy. In India, big media houses have started adopting different mechanismto assure people about the facts and reliability of news. Websites of India’s on of the largest circulated Newspaper Danik bhaskarhas allotted a separate column declaring “No fake news”. Television channel Zee News is giving different fact checking mechanism used for particular news at the beginning of bulletin/programme. NDTV channels are conducting special debates on issues of fake news. Different channels, journalists and activists have considered the issue of fake news as a great threat to democracy and its people. Readers’ Editor of the Hindu newspaper A. S. Paneerselvan discuss about Diana Athill, the wise editor who says there is a peculiarly middle-class technique of dealing with awkward facts: “If something is disagreeable let’s pretend it isn’t there.” (The Hindu, 11^th Sept 2017). Paneerselvan also suggest that since leaders themselves tend to consciously mislead so, journalists should name the source if the information is false. This would restore the balance between journalists and politicians, and improve the quality of information flow.

Media professor Melissa Zimdars of Merrimack College, categorises fake news in four broad categories. In first category websites which are intentionally producing fake, false or misleading news and sharing it on social media. Sometimes these websites try creates hatred among people by using distorted headlines and decontextualizing information in order to generate likes, shares, and profits.Second category is of websites which generally circulate misleading or potentially unreliable information.

In third categorieswebsites which use clickbait headlines and social media descriptions. And in fourth category satire/comedy sites, which can offer important critical commentary on politics and society, but have the potential to be shared as actual/literal news. In present scenario it’s difficult to differentiate any websites or news based on these categories and one websites or news may fall under more than one category.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Although fake news is coming in discourse recently with the US presidential election and emergence social media but fake news has its own rich history (Barnhurst, 2011). During 18^thcentury fake news was existing in the forms of satire and parody. But what we conceptually considering fake news today is the product of rapid growth of newspaper with the help of technology in the late 19^thcentury (Love, 2007). With the advancement in technology and having very thin line between real news and fake news, has created great challenge for the journalists. Fake news is hyper-real because it blurs lines between nonfiction and fiction. Some of the studies focuses on the relationship between fake news and media consumers but there are very few study on relationship between fake-news and traditional news organizations. The New York Times in 2010 compared Stewart with legendary broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow and found that traditional and newer journalism outlets, such as blogs, stretched the negotiated membership boundaries of journalism (Berkowitz and Gutsche).

Another study by Cooper identifies the organic nature of blogs, which rely on voluntary interactions rather than structural power. He extend the blogs into a Fifth Estate role of watching over the Fourth Estate (Cooper). It talks about excluding the fake news in the concept of fifth state as the blog are having less formal structure and the organic means through which it attracts audiences.This paper conceptualizes the Fifth Estate as a hybrid of hyper-realized fake news and watchdog journalism as a challenge to the professional boundaries of traditional journalism. Since fake news is a recent phenomenon and has been widely discussed after the Trumps election so, not much research has been done in this area. But media throughout the world has taken this issue seriously and a lot of in-depth news report, feature story and opinion pieces have been written different people. Irina Bokova, Director General of UNESCO has written one story ‘Fake News’ is not Journalism on 1^st may 2017, she says that every citizen has a direct stake in the quality of the information environment. Fake news can only take root in the absence of critical thinking and the assumption that if it looks like news then in must be. Media and Information Literacy efforts have a central role in building the necessary defences in the minds of individuals to face these phenomena (Bokova, 2017). Another story published in The Telegraph by James Carson which takes about fake news, origins and its growth in 2016.

Theoretical Framework:

Fake news is nothing but it’s also a kind of news which does not based on any facts and many times it replaces the real news. Baurdrilard says that we have entered into new era which is beyond the modern era. It does not represent a prior social reality rather creates a new social reality. In this eraeverything of this world is experienced through media and our perception of ‘reality’ is in fact completely removed from the actual real. Instead what we are getting as truth isn’t truth at all rather it’s a media version of truth which so disconnected from any empirical thing in the first place. Here the concept of reality relies on how we live our lives while hyperreality is about how different kinds of media and political discourse condition us to believe in certain structure. If we apply the hyperreality in terms of fake news then it will be easy to understand the phenomenon of fake news. Fake news is not the copy of real news rather it is independently generated with an intension of earning money or misleading people.These fake news are very quick, interesting in nature and ability to get viral easily so, it reaches to the people much faster than real news.Here hyper signifies more real than real in which real is produced as per model.Baurdrilard used the term hyperreal to refer the process in which image or simulation and reality collapse on each other and become the same.One of the most popular references to Baudrillard’s idea is the film The Matrix (where a copy of Simulacra and Simulation is used as a prop). In the film, the world that appears real soon turns out to be a simulation. A character quotes the book, calling it ‘the desert of the real’.

METHODS:

CDA is an approach which is interested in analysing ‘social phenomena which are necessarily complex and thus require a multi-methodical approach (Wodak and Meyer 2007). Purposive sampling method was used in which contents were collected from the Youtube using keywords like debate on fake news, Discussions on fake news or discussions fake news vs. paid news. After searching with these keywords researcher was able to find six debate and discussions programme in Indian television channels. Coincidentally all these debates belong to two channels of NDTV i.e. NDTV 24*7 and NDTV India. Out of these six debate, four debate was broadcasted on NDTV India which is a Hindi channel while two debates programme were telecasted in English language at NDTV 24*7. All these videos were downloaded with the help of online downloading website named keepvid.com and then it is properly analysed.

Analysis:

Before we start analysing the televised debate on fake news, we need to understand the entire phenomenon of fake news. As it was discussed earlier also, that there is no proper and universalized definition of fake news and different people have defined it differently which suits their context or study.One of the recently published research article define the fake news as “news article that are intentionally and verifiably false, and could mislead readers. It mainly restrictson fake news articles that have political implications, with special attention to the 2016 US presidential elections (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017). Drawing on the debates televised on different channel, different scholars and media analysts opined the fake news in multiple ways. It is concluded that there are different definition of fake news and most of them either usedto earn money or spread political agenda. During these debates different issues and aspects of fake news were discussed and for the analysis major themes are taken and analysed extensively while other point has also been taken into consideration which do not fall under these themes.

Defining the Fake News:

As there is no fixed and universal agreed definition of fake news because it depends on the context and even most of the panellists during these debate hardly agreed on any single definition. Fake News is news items that are invented or distorted intentionally (Hofseth, 2017). Craig Silverman, author of the Buzzfeed articles, defined the term narrowly and said fake news is news wholly invented for the purpose of generating clicks and therefore revenue. During these debates renowned TV journalist Nidhi Razdan defines it as “News that isn’t real, totally fake, totally made up but despite that it goes viral on the internet”.Anup Kumar an academician in the field of communication defines the Fake news as an intentional lie and it is framed as news only. It lacks credibility of source and process of verification will be missing.He also says that there is a difference between information and news. Information may be true or it may be false also but news has been collected by journalist, checked the facts, and verified the sources and then only it is presented in the forms of news. Fake news is a way to block communication. One side it gives us wrong information while on the other side it creates distrust among mainstream media.

Though whole world is worried about the phenomenon of fake news and recent study of BBC Global news is an eye opener for us. It is very important to see the issue of fake news and how it can be define in Indian context.The study conducted by Jim Egan, CEO BBC Global news in five countries of Asia Pacific Region on “what the value of trust is for audience in India” where he found that 83% of respondent in India are concerned about fake news but 75% these people were finding difficult to decide what is fake and what is not. According to Kavitha Krisnanmurthy a famous social activist “Fake news is not done only to harm reputation, it also make people unsafe and these are politically motivated. Arvinda Gupta, former head BJP IT cell says “Fake news is a big problem but it’s not only generated by fly-by-nights websites, somebody with digital marketing tools, Search Engine Operation, Google SEO can generate any sort of news and can make trending news. Amy Kazmin, Correspondent of Financial Times said that it’s very vague to use the term fake news which generated from whatsapp, it’s basically dilute the value of news. This is a kind of rumour mongering not fake news. Egan says that “Fake news is particularly pronounced on social media platforms because of its nature of like and share but it’s not purely limited, this is not only social media phenomenon but even press and channels throughout the world have been giving fake news in the forms of propaganda.

Origin and developmentof fake news:

Tracing the origin and exact history of fake news is a bit difficult task as there is no clear demarcation between real and fake news.It even existed at the time when printing press invented in 15^th century. But the recent discourses on fake news came into the light during the recent presidential election of USA in 2016, where Donald Trump was alleged of promoting a series of fake news. During these debates different panellists have tried to put forward the various contexts which somehow justify the development of fake news.Anup Kumar Associate Professor, School of Communication, Cleveland State University USA traces the history of fake news from“Harper Weekly”. This magazine has predicted about fake news in October 1925 though it didn’t use the exact term “fake news”. The context of this prediction was because wire service like Telegraph and Telephone were expanding and it being used for news collection. In its prediction magazine doubted that since stories/photograph will be upload through telegraph which cannot be verified physically so, there is possibility of mishandling with fact.

Madhu Trehan, Journalist and Author say that there is a crisis of confidence in established media which leads the rapid growth of social media and this development has given opportunity to the social media to misuse the trust of people. An anchor in of the programme says that earlier information or news sharing started at local level where local priest, religious leader, opinion leader etc. were giving the news through word of mouth later mass media like newspaper, TV became the source but at present people are referring theses mainstream media but same time they are believing more on local people or resources which are mostly available on social websites. Amy Kazmin, Correspondent Financial Times holds all responsibility on social media for the development of fake news:

Traditional media like Newspapers and television tries their level best to get correct information through proper checking of sources. But social media doesn’t have any such mechanism to check the authenticity of the news and anyone sitting in the room can generate any news that can completely fake and it was amply visible during US presidential election 2016.

Should Government flag the Fake news?:

In the introduction part it is already mentioned that many countries have started taking action against the issues of fake news. Some of them have started framing full-fledged law to overcome this issue while some of them are punishing to responsible person. But most of the panellists disagree with the idea of censorship where government is framing the law and they are conceiving it as a threat to free practice of journalism. UN Special Rapporteur David K has said that Fake news itself is nothing but legal harm to a person or to a society but it just being spread much more virally over the internet and If you bring very broad based law, it will result in censorship (UN News Centre). Jim Egan, CEO of BBC Global news says that, In the case of fact checking role of government in long term, government will surely come up with some regulatory framework but still it will be very difficult carve the fake news as these social media platform are working at global level not at national level. Long term education will help people to decide what is real and what is fake which will definitely take very longer time.Madhu Trehan suggests that Indian government should set up a kind of monitoring cell to closely observe the content floating of websites or social media. She says:

For government it’s not a challenging task it simply needs some focus. As government has content editor in new media wing which provides daily report of the social media on what journalists are twitting and the electronic media monitoring cell which monitor 600 plus channels to mark who is doing positive, negative and neutral stories. The government resources which are used to monitor and cattegorise mainstream media can also be used tackle the fake news. Doordarshan, Lok Sabha TV and Rajya sabha TV can announce what is fake and what is not before it spread at wider level through social media or messaging apps.

Prateek Sinha of Alt News says that though in India we have laws but Indian legal machineries are not equipped enough to deal with the explosion of fake news. While Apar Gupta an advocate who is handling all this kind of problem like fake news didn’t find any deficiency in the law and says that existing Indian laws are capable enough to handle the issue of fake news: He says that generally there are two kinds of cases one is personal/private attack which will cover under the defamation and second one is to harming public order such as inciting riots that covered under India Penal Code.

The Political Economy of Fake News:

Every news has some political and economic aspect and in the case of fake news it emerges only to serve the political agenda as it was frequently observed during the US presidential election. Though fake news always has some hidden agenda but it’s a difficult task to identify their exact motives. The economy of fake news depends on different things. As social media users share more links and that too without reading more than the headline of article, automatically the volume of fake news websites exponentially increases. In result even though very few people are actually clicking through to an article, the fake news economy is booming. When NPR tried to track down the creators of some of websites which carries fake news, they found that some of these fake news-peddlers could earn up to US$30,000 per month from ad sales (Haridy, 2017). Pratik Sinha says that; fake news travels more than real news that may be one of the reasons of promoting fake news even though people have access of real news or photographs and these fake news websites are creating propaganda against mainstream media which helps them in getting more viewers. His statement is partially correct if we observe in recent rally of Lalu Prasad Yadav where huge number of people turns out for the rally but still Lalu also used the fake picture. Actually fake news helps in perception management and this thing must have encouraged Lalu to do so. He also opine that:Fake news is creating big problem in terms of business also. People have limited capacity to read/consume certain amount of content. Fake news usually has explosive titles and there is a high chance to get the click while people are reading less amount of actual news.

Ravish Kumar, Anchor in one of the debate says that since model of mainstream media has collapsed, so fake news is easily gets the space. Another panellist in one of the debate says that fake news help the dominant party to diminish the small/weak party. Here party with fewer resources are being easily trapper under the net of dominant party. Now parties are setting up one team to fight with fake news created against them.Prateek Sinha taking on economic aspects says that: There is no economic benefit in fake videos but huge economic benefit lies in fake websites. Fake news is affecting on Indian electoral results though it is very minimal now. Even though fact checking websites are working hard to expose the fake news but many time people are not trusting them rather they are trusting on fake websites only.

Fake News: Countermeasures:

Fake news has become such a pervasive global problem that governments and organizations are now undertaking initiatives to mitigate its further proliferation. Russia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for instance, set up a website 38 that lists and debunks publications that contain false information about the country. Conversely, the same is available in the website 39 of the European Union’s External Action Service (EEAS), where content considered as misinformation campaigns are reviewed every week. An independent organization in the United Kingdom (UK) hasa team of fact-checkers monitorthe election-related fake news stories. During these debates different measure approached by several countries were discussed. To find out the solution for Fake news, Google News lab Asia Pacific summit 2017 was organised where people from different country took part in Singapore. Google has appointed an especial dedicated team to look after the issue of fake news. Google has put some special feature in their search algorithm and there is website called schema.org which helps in identifying or cross checking the fake news. In US there some websites like polityfact or snoop.com which has already done partnership with google news and very recently google has launched the re-designed hompage in which at the bottom right it has given dedicated area for fact checking. Google news is taking the issue of fake news very seriously. Prateek Sinha who participated in Google News lab Asia Pacific summit 2017 says that: Some of the countries like Thailand, story fall of Singapore, polityfact, snoop.com, US version of Google are working very well to expose the fake news but in case of India there is a lot to be done. We are far behind in comparison to these countries.

DISCUSSIONS:

Every discussion programme has got the use of different tactics to unravel the different aspects of fake news. In these entire discussions programme the ways adopted in order to discuss on various aspects of fake news differ from one another. In some of the programme it started with very long and informative anchor links, where anchor read the intro in full details and covered the different historical background and current happenings and later followed by discussions with panellists. While in some other shows anchors directly starts off by engaging the panellists belonging to different fields. After analysing the entire programme there are several things deducible. All these discussions are focusing on some common issues related to fake news. As it is mentioned in the analysis part that majority of these discussions were surrounded around its definition, origin and development, government approach to flag the fake news, political-economic motivation behind the fake news and counter measures against fake news. Apart from these core issues many other issues were also discussed in bits and pieces. Many panellists and sometimes anchor raised issues like; Is the media in crisis due to fake news?, does advancement in technology is increasing the volume of fake news? What will be the future of fake news and so on? While discussing on the future of fake news Jim Egan says that,“era journalism will not be killed and it’s a common thing, 10 years ago when citizen journalism started people were saying the same but nothing changed much”. It means explosive development of the fake news is not permanent and with passage of time it will definitely fade out as it has happened with other such kinds of phenomenon. The entire discussions on fake news take place in different dimensions and different people have varied opinions which are always justifiable at some extent. Some of them holds responsibility on social media, some are blaming the main stream media while other thinks that political parties and money minded people are responsible for such undemocratic and illegal practices of selling the fake news.Media persons are also using same mentality which has not gone through social engineering that’s why they use their personal perception about certain section of the society. Even though they goes for 18 hour live reporting of any incident and invest a lot of resources but they don’t report investigating things because they lack critical thinking these days.These discussions also brought into notice that since traditional media face a high reputation cost in publishing incorrect information. Hence, they put a lot of effort in verifying the reliability of news/information before publishing it. While less production costs and less reputation issues of social media are allowing them to create fake news. Fake news is not simply fake news rather it kills the other news which is true. Some people are saying that we need to go the established media/sources of information because they are giving real or true news. But others are not agreeing, especially after the Trump case where well established media were also indulged in creating fake news. In the case of India, political parties are using fake news to create communal violence or to tarnish the image of rival politician.This was seen during the recent riot happened in Basirhat of West Bengal when BJP leader Nupur Sharma shared the Gujrat riot’s photos by saying it belongs to Basirhat communal violence. One more video is available on Youtube which says that Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru was a Muslim and he had so many extra marital affairs. There is hundreds of fake news and videos floating on different platform of internet working to create hate mongering.

CONCLUSION:

The entire discussions and panellists have one common take and it was of controlling the fake news because it is a great threat for the field of journalism. Though different countries are coming up with different laws to carve the practice of fake news but it will directly affect freedom of speech and expression. So, first and foremost task is to define the fake news at world level otherwise different countries and their government will use it as a tools supress the counter narratives of government by media. Simply it is very difficult for the laws to tackle fake news menace. Fake news is more politically organised propaganda, it is not just random people are sitting and doing that, especially in the case of India. The outcome of entire discussions can only traces two main motives for the emergence of fake news. The first one is of propagating their political agenda and getting the political benefit either in terms of projecting their/parties stature or defaming/diminishing the image of rivals /oppositions. This kind of practice in not very new and it was amply visible even during the printing age. The second and most recent motive is very lucrative and it attracts large number of people to get involved in the malpractice of fake news because it deals with money making. The rapid growth of internet, specially Google and social media with click based advertisement feature has open the new door of money making. One good thing about this motive is, it does not limit is self in the hand of only powerful people rather it gives the opportunity to a common man also to get indulged into thatSince Journalism institution is taking a cultural shift where ethics/principles of journalism have simply been ignored. Media organisations hardly go for fact checking or re-checking, they are not hesitant to take biased stands on any issues. Those who govern and other institution are helping them in ruling never want this society to have critical thinking because it will create problem for both and among these institution media in the one. So it will be a foolish idea to rely upon the media to overcome at the issue of fake news rather we have to look for alternative. Many experts, academician, scholars, journalists, technocrats are suggesting different ideas though it may require longer period to experience the required changes. Tim Cook says that “In some ways kids will be the easiest to educate. At least before a certain age, they are very much in listen, understand and they then push their parents to act (The Telegraph, 10^th Feb, 2017). While Jim Egan, CEO of BBC Global news says that, In the case of fact checking role of government in long term, government will surely come up with some regulatory framework but still it will be very difficult carve the fake news as these social media platform are working at global level not at national level. So instead of relying on government long term education will help people to decide what is real and what is fake which will definitely take very longer time.UN Special Rapporteurs also suggested that all stakeholders–including intermediaries, media outlets, civil society and academia – should be supported in developing participatory and transparent initiatives for creating a better understanding of the impact of disinformation and propaganda on democracy, freedom of expression, journalism and civic space, as well as appropriate responses to these phenomena.

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Received on 24.10.2017 Modified on 28.11.2017

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2018; 9(1): 144-150.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2018.00026.8